In this study, a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy is designed and analyzed to achieve accurate voltage regulation of a second-order boost converter. Precise control of power converters has always been considered a significant technical challenge due to their nonlinear and multivariable behavior, especially under disturbances and load variations. In this paper, after deriving an accurate mathematical model of the second-order boost converter, the MPC controller is developed by employing future state prediction and incorporating control constraints on the input, input rate, and output variable. One of the most important features of this controller is its ability to select, at each instant, the optimal control signal that ensures the output voltage tracking with minimal overshoot and oscillation. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controller on the studied system, simulations were carried out based on real elements in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, and the results were compared with those obtained using a conventional PI controller and a passivity-based controller. The results demonstrate that, compared to the PI and passivity-based controllers, the MPC controller significantly reduces inductor current oscillations and stabilizes the output voltage with high accuracy. Furthermore, the controller’s robustness against sudden input voltage and load variations was investigated, confirming the high efficiency of the proposed strategy. Therefore, the presented approach can be regarded as a promising candidate for implementation in modern and sensitive power systems.