https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/ Karafan Journal en daily 1 Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247218.html Blockchain technology, as a new financial tool and platform, has provided many applications for optimizing all types of financial and non-financial interactions, which compared to other technologies, due to its inviolability, irreversibility and permanent registration of transactions, lacks trust, credibility and reliability. It has the same, so this technology can be used for more efficiency of the value added tax information exchange system. Therefore, the prerequisite for using any technology in the organization depends on its acceptance by the users (taxpayers, auditors, etc.). In the present study, first by examining the existing theoretical and empirical foundations based on the technology acceptance model (TAM), a theoretical model was presented and the factors affecting technology acceptance were extracted. Then, using the qualitative method (content analysis), a semi-structured interview was conducted with 27 people and the factors affecting the acceptance of this technology were identified, and at the end, the final model was presented by analyzing 15 questionnaires using the fuzzy Delphi method.The results of the present study show that users have approved and accepted this technology due to its usefulness and ease of use. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247219.html The purpose of this study was to design and validate an Individual Development Based Curriculum (IDP) for training and improving nurses in medical hospitals. The most important question of this research was what is the appropriate model of curriculum based on personal development (IDP) for training and improvement of nurses? This research was developmental in terms of purpose and methodological, survey in terms of method and research type in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this study was all nurses in medical hospitals in Rasht. By purposive sampling method, 30 people were selected and 28 people participated in the study. Nurses' IDPs and clinical competency assessment questionnaire were used to assess the research questions. Data analysis showed that out of 117 items extracted, first 70 items and then 39 items, the average of which was evaluated by the second group of experts above the cut line (≤ 3.5); Were selected as the final items. To design the model, the nurses were asked to make 3 choices for each person after agreeing with the direct supervisor. Pattern validity was assessed by supervisors. The value of t calculated to evaluate the effect of IDP for training and improvement was statistically significant (P <0.01). According to the results, the designed model based on personal development (IDP) is suitable for training and improvement of nurses and has improved the clinical competence of nurses. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247220.html The research aims to investigate the long-term and short-term relationship between entrepreneurship development, economic growth, and unemployment in Iran during 2008-2021 on a seasonal basis using an ARDL Bound testing approach. Based on the Bound and cointegration test results, the existence of a long-term relationship is confirmed by the variables of the entrepreneurship index and unemployment rate towards economic growth. Also, the estimation of the three models in this research shows that the government supported entrepreneurship development and its related components when the oil price and result, economic growth decreased. Moreover, these components, like entrepreneurship as a good career choice, the high status of successful entrepreneurs, and Media attention for entrepreneurship, have been low cost for the government. When the price of oil and the government's income increased, the government's support became weak, and it was postponed to the time of economic growth reduction and entering the stage of economic recession. Also, in the short term, the improvement of the entrepreneurship index after the positive impact from the third quarter has a reverse effect on economic growth, and this means that the improvement in the entrepreneurship index occurs in unstable and continuous components. The policymaker in Iran has slowed down or stopped entrepreneurship-related policies at any point when the economy has experienced growth. Whenever the economy has entered negative growth, the policymaker has tried to improve the economic growth situation by encouraging and developing entrepreneurship policies to increase the satisfaction of the public space of society. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247221.html The current research aims to investigate the relationship between company characteristics, corporate governance and stakeholder power with forward-looking disclosure; which is practical in terms of purpose, correlational and post-event in terms of descriptive method. The statistical population of the research is the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2012 to 2019, and 93 companies were selected for review using the elimination sampling method. In this research, to measure the characteristics of the company, such as company size, profitability, financial leverage, liquidity, dividends, CEO hypotheses, number of board meetings, audit quality, auditor's opinion, percentage of institutional ownership and concentration of ownership, and to measure the power of beneficiaries from the power of creditors. Public pressure and employee power have been used. In order to increase the degree of confidence in the results of hypothesis testing, static and dynamic panel data regression method was used. The findings of the research in both static and dynamic states indicate that in all three research hypotheses, the characteristics of the company, corporate governance and the power of stakeholders have a significant effect on the level of prospective disclosure, and as a result, the three research hypotheses are accepted. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247225.html The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between formal institutions and entrepreneurial intention in developing countries. The study population is all developing countries, where the data required for analysis are available. The statistical sample includes developing countries for which statistics related to the selected variables are available on the websites of the World Entrepreneurship Watch and the World Bank between 2015-2018. To analyze the data, first, indicators related to institutions and entrepreneurial intention variables have been estimated. Then, by using the qualitative comparative analysis method, the necessary and sufficient conditions to achieve the desired results have been evaluated. For this purpose, fsQCA software was used for qualitative comparative analysis and smartPLS3 was used for Reliability, Validity, and also to examine the models. The results led to the identification of three models, which were tested through structural equation modeling. Finally, the results showed that in the first path, entrepreneurial intention with the absence of political stability, the absence of supervisory quality, and the absence of the rule of law; In the second causal configuration, the presence of political stability, the absence of government efficiency, the presence of supervisory quality, and the presence of the rule of law, and in the third causal path in the direction of entrepreneurial intention, with the four conditions of the absence of political stability, the presence of government efficiency, the presence of supervisory quality, and the presence of the rule of law. The suggestion models obtained from qualitative analysis have been tested through https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247236.html The concept of function is as the algebraic concepts in technical and vocational mathematics, which due to the poor performance of students, it needs proper teaching in the classroom. Figural patterns are a powerful tool to understand functional relationships in a tangible way and help students to improve their understanding of the concept of function. The purpose of this research is to investigate the performance of students in generalizing four categories of figural patterns including; one variable- linear, one variable- nonlinear, two variable- linear, two variable –nonlinear[1]and providing pedagogical strategies in teaching figural patterns. In this study, a sample of 220 seventh grade students participated in a test with the content of figural patterns and the performance of the students were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. According to the analysis of the concept of two-variable figural patterns, variable and R3 space were investigated as two basic concepts. The results of the test showed that the percentage of students' responses to the one variable- linear figural pattern task was close to the two variable-linear, and the percentage of students' responses to the one variable-nonlinear figural pattern task was close to the two variable–nonlinear. According to the problems of students in the variable and R3 space concepts, pedagogical strategies for example paying attention to components of variable in function relation and helping to compress two-dimensional changes in a relationship, were proposed. Education the two variable figural pattern generalization can be an incomparable basis for better understanding of the function. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247412.html This paper introduces the intersection of polynomial ideals with parametric coefficients using Gröbner systems. Building on the existing understanding of polynomial ideals with numeric coefficients, we propose an intersection system and its computational algorithm that divides the parameter space into a finite set of cells, allowing us to calculate the intersection of the ideals within each cell. This approach enhances comprehension of polynomials and equips researchers and engineers with tools to gain deeper insights into mathematical models involving parametric coefficients. Consequently, it supports thorough examinations essential for tackling complex challenges in science and engineering. The functionality of the proposed algorithm has been implemented in the Maple software environment, which is well-suited for symbolic computation. The paper presents two examples: the first illustrates the intersection of two parametric polynomial ideals, and the second addresses a more complex scenario involving three such ideals. These examples showcase the practical application and effectiveness of the algorithms, highlighting their significance in the field. Finally, the CIS algorithm's performance is demonstrated through comprehensive intersection system computations on several examples. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237089.html Recently, a third tool called classification shifting for earnings management has been considered. According to the listed companies’ use of classification shifting method and also, the role of investor confidence, which is argued to have a significant impact on earnings management, this type of earnings management should not be overlooked. Also, the role of audit quality, the number of profit forecasts by managers and the type of Auditor's Opinion in reducing confidential information is vital. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of audit quality, the number of profit forecasts by managers and the type of Auditor's Opinion on the relationship between the classification shifting and investors' confidence. The present sample of this study includes 117 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from the period of 2011 to 2021. In order to test the research hypotheses, multiple regression analyses have been used. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the classification shifting and investment confidence, and audit quality, auditor's opinion and the number of managers' profit forecasts decrease the relationship between classification shifting and investors' confidence. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_231400.html This study aimed to identify the key components of social marketing in Iran’s sports industry, providing a framework for improving social behaviors through athlete-led initiatives. The research method was qualitative, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 experts in sports management, sociology, sports marketing, communications, mass media, psychology, and elite athletes, until theoretical saturation was achieved. The data were coded and categorized following Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-step thematic analysis approach. The findings revealed nine main themes of social marketing in sports, including the influence of public figures and celebrities, social justice and empowerment, collaboration with organizations and the private sector, public and mental health, social education through sport, social media, media campaigns and events, economic utilization and branding, and health and nutrition goals. Each theme encompassed related subthemes and codes that highlighted athletes’ roles as cultural icons, their social responsibility, women’s empowerment, equitable access to opportunities, intersectoral collaboration, promotion of mental and physical health, social skills training, use of digital and traditional media, health campaigns and participatory initiatives, ethical branding, and the encouragement of healthy lifestyles. Thus, the successful implementation of social marketing in sports requires the synergy of cultural, social, economic, and media factors. Accordingly, designing comprehensive policies and empowering athletes can lead to improved social behaviors and enhanced public health. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237093.html Handicrafts, as symbols of cultural authenticity and creative innovation, play a key role in the economic and cultural development of societies. One of the challenges that handicraft producers face today is maintaining the authenticity of their products while introducing innovation that aligns with customer preferences. The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of innovation and authenticity of handicraft brands on customer loyalty, with the mediating role of brand trust. This study is descriptive-survey in nature, applied in terms of its purpose, and quantitative in terms of data collection methodology, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary instrument. The statistical population consists of customers of handicraft brands in Tehran. Due to the lack of access to a sampling framework, a non-probability convenience sampling method was used. The sample size was determined using GPower software, and the required sample size was set at 402. For data analysis in the quantitative section, both descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. The results indicate that the authenticity of handicraft brands affects customer loyalty. Innovation in handicraft brands affects brand trust. The authenticity of handicraft brands affects brand trust. Brand trust affects customer loyalty. Brand trust has a mediating effect on the relationship between innovation in handicraft brands and customer loyalty. Brand trust also mediates the relationship between the authenticity of handicraft brands and customer loyalty. Based on the results, the impact of innovation in handicraft brands on customer loyalty was not confirmed. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_240673.html In the present era, talent management plays a vital role as one of the fundamental pillars in maintaining and developing human capital of organizations, especially in knowledge-based and technology-oriented organizations. Considering the importance of talent management in creating a sustainable competitive advantage as well as the theoretical poverty in the field of indigenous and context-oriented models, this research has designed a native and applied talent management model that is appropriate to the specific characteristics of the Islamic Sciences Computer Research Center (as a semi-governmental organization active in the field of information technology and Islamic sciences). This model seeks to identify the key dimensions and components of talent management in this organization.This research is exploratory-developmental in its purpose and qualitative in its method, employing a content analysis strategy. Sampling was carried out using the snowball technique until theoretical saturation, based on which 15 people were interviewed out of 35 managers of the center. The required data were collected through semi-structured interviews with managers and elites of the center and analyzed using MAXQDA software. The analysis process included three stages of descriptive, interpretive, and theme integration coding, which resulted in the extraction of 402 primary codes, 20 organizing themes, and 6 overarching themes.The research findings showed that the talent management model at the Islamic Sciences Computer Research Center includes six main dimensions:1. Identifying and finding resources 2. Attracting and selecting 3. Managing and developing 4. Retaining 5. Evaluating 6. Exit https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243770.html Research and development is a vital component of society that plays a significant role in strengthening innovation, progress, and advancing the quality level of products and services in various fields.Objective: The aim of this study is to identify key factors on smart research and development management based on the study of agility in the Iranian petrochemical industry.Method: In terms of applied purpose, it is descriptive-survey research in terms of nature and qualitative-quantitative research in terms of study. The experts in the qualitative section are 30 experts on the subject of the study who were purposefully selected as a sample. The fuzzy Delphi method was used to identify factors and the fuzzy DEMETEL method was used to identify influences and influence.Findings: Antecedents and consequences have been identified from the background and interviews in the qualitative section in the form of 16 factors.Conclusion: Based on the research results, technological knowledge, continuous feedback loops, and R&D management are very important antecedents of smart R&D management with an agile approach, while technological intelligence, strategic intelligence, and faster adaptation tools are among the consequences https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243911.html Dependence on a single source of funding can cause financial instability at the level of public universities. Because of strategic management in educational institutions needs to focus on attracting independent income sources. Therefore, diversifying the financial resources of universities can lead to increased competitiveness at the national and international levels. Therefore, the main purpose of study is to strategically analyze the components of revenue generation in the education industry. This research is mixed method. The content analysis method along with the best-worst method was used to identify and prioritize the components of revenue generation in the National University of Skills. The statistical population of study in the qualitative and quantitative phases is the vice-chancellors of the National University of Skills. Purposive sampling was used in the quantitative and qualitative sections. The number of sample members in both sections is 25. In this study, qualitative data was collected using an open interview tool and analyzed using a content analysis approach, and quantitative data was collected using a paired comparison questionnaire and analyzed by using the best-worst method and Lingo software. The findings showed that the revenue generation components include 12components, among which the component of selling knowledge with a weight of 0.206 is in first priority, the component of producing and selling digital educational content with a weight of 0.121 is in second place, and finally, receiving public and government funding with a weight of0.02 is in the last priority of the revenue generation components in the National University of Skills. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247717.html Religious expenditures are common to across all divine religions. Estimating the religious expenditure function of households and its share of total expenditures not only reveals the outcomes of past policies but also serves as a roadmap for governmental microeconomic policymaking and a valuable resource for private sector decision-making. This study estimates the religious expenditure function of Iranian households by distinguishing between urban and rural areas and examines the influence of various factors on these expenditures. The estimation is based on the latest data from the Statistical Center of Iran and uses first-order multiple regression analysis through the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, implemented at the national level using SPSS and STATA software. The findings indicate that household characteristics such as age, gender, education level, marital status, income, total household expenditure, and level of economic facilities have a significant effect on religious expenditures in both urban and rural households. Although the share of these expenditures is higher in rural households than in urban ones, both have shown a declining trend over two five-year periods. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247746.html In today's competitive world, manufacturing industries increasingly require intelligent systems to enhance productivity and support managers in strategic decision-making. Business intelligence, as a key tool, plays a significant role in identifying organizational status and making strategic decisions. The purpose of this research is to identify key indicators of business intelligence performance in the tile and ceramic manufacturing industries. The desired KPIs were extracted through in-depth interviews with 12 experts in this field using thematic analysis. Expert selection was based on expertise and experience in related fields. After thematic analysis using MAXQDA software, 72 KPIs were identified, categorized into 12 organizing indicators, and further grouped into four overarching dimensions: financial, production, commercial, and human resources. The findings can increase productivity and competitiveness in the industry, helping managers to more effectively analyze their companies' situations using intelligent analytics and create accurate management dashboards. The research results improve the decision-making process and, as a strategy, pave the way for increased productivity and competitiveness in the market. This innovation in the use of business intelligence can serve as a new model for various manufacturing industries, creating a fundamental and intelligent transformation in decision-making processes. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_248140.html Team coaching is used to improve team performance through intervention actions. However, less attention has been paid to the scientific coaching capacity in Iran's air transport industry. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to conceptualize team coaching by considering the characteristics of the field of air traffic control. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey research in terms of method. The spatial scope of the research is the Iranian air traffic control community and the research done in 2023. Therefore, the statistical population includes experiential experts who have knowledge and experience of teamwork and enough time to participate in the survey. The sampling method is also targeted. The method of collecting information for theoretical foundations is library method and a questionnaire was used to collect data. In the first step, a theoretical model of team coaching was obtained by deeply studying the subject literature and extracting explanatory factors. In the following, using the fuzzy Delphi method, the importance of each of these factors was investigated, and the team coaching framework was obtained based on the opinions of ATC control experts. In short, the theoretical framework of team coaching includes 40 important indicators in the field of flight care teamwork, which were categorized into three main categories and 7 subcategories, and psychological safety at work has the highest level of importance among the indicators of team coaching. Applying the scientific method of team training can lead to the improvement of the performance of ATC controllers. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_248141.html Policymakers must make sound and comprehensive decisions to address the needs and difficulty of their goal society, and this requires having a model and tool that can identify the “right public problems” before addressing them in public problems. The aim of the present study (focusing on the initial stage of the policy-making process) is to provide a model for communication between officials, legislators, and policymakers in identifying public problems. This was done using a systematic literature review method, which resulted in the identification of 291 documents. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 40 relevant documents were screened and examined in more depth. From the extracted narratives, 112 codes, 9 subcategories, and 3 main categories were categorized. This research was able to transform scattered studies into a coherent whole and, by providing a model and filling the theoretical gap regarding how to identify public problems, showed that "identifying public problems" includes a chain of interconnected categories: the emergence of the difficulty, the feeling of the difficulty (including difficulty sensation and difficulty identification), Problems perception & Understanding (including typology, Categorizing & ‎prioritizing, and root finding), and finally the Public Problems Recognition. This model can be the basis for developing a system for Public Problems Recognition and Redefining the national and regional policy-making process. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_248142.html The concept of risk in investment and individually risk taking and risk aversion is one of the important concepts in managing capital and investing. Different people have different levels of risk taking. From the psychological point of view, individuals can be classified into different personality types, and different types may have a different risk-taking approach to investing. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the five great factors of personality with the risk preference. For this purpose, the required information was collected by sending a questionnaire to 202 people who were selected in a accessible manner among all active investors in Tehran Stock Exchange. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation and regression were used. Findings showed that Openness to Experience individuals tend to accept more risk and Conscientiousness individuals tend to accept less risk. Regression analysis showed that among big five factors of personality, conscientiousness (β=-0.20) and emotional instability neuroticism (N) (β= 0.17) is significant in model regression criterion. The results also show that gender, years of experience in investing, age, field of study, and have no significant effect on risk aversion level. The results of this research can be used to understand the financial behavior of investors and predict their behavior. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_231416.html Selecting and developing an appropriate educational model in the teaching-learning process is an important issue in architectural education. The root of many problems in the field of architecture can be found in the educational system and its various dimensions, such as the goal, structure, curriculum, content, and evaluation method.The aim of the present study is to design and validate the Rhizomatic education strategy in the teaching-learning process of architecture and its effectiveness on design thinking.The research design is a mixed type (qualitative-quantitative).60 students were selected as a sample in a purposeful and accessible manner in the quantitative part and 10 professors of architecture, educational technology and educational sciences in the qualitative part.Data collection was carried out with the help of a design thinking mindset questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22 software. Statistical results showed that the developed model based on rhizomatic education in the teaching-learning process of architecture included 5 main themes, 13 sub-themes and 44 components. The internal validity of the model was examined by the Delphi method, in which 3 components were removed, and the Kendall coordination coefficient was obtained 0.80 based on the opinions of 10 reviewers for the components of the model. The effect of teaching in the teaching-learning process of architecture on the design thinking of architecture students had a significant effect, and according to the eta square, the amount of this effect was 25 percent. Based on these results, the external validity of the designed educational model was also confirmed. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_252313.html AbstractAbstract:Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), as a commitment to maintaining legitimacy and long-term sustainability, is influenced by managerial behavior and shareholder oversight. Behavioral traits of managers and weak monitoring mechanisms can hinder the fulfillment of these responsibilities. This study examines the interactive effect of managerial overconfidence and institutional investors’ attention deviation on CSR and its legal, economic, and ethical dimensions in Iranian listed companies. The statistical population includes 132 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2014–2023, analyzed using panel regression models with fixed effects. The findings indicate that managerial overconfidence has a positive and significant effect on overall CSR as well as its economic and ethical dimensions, but not on the legal dimension. Institutional investors’ attention deviation has a negative and significant effect across all dimensions. The interaction effect of these two variables is positive for overall CSR and the economic dimension, negative for the ethical dimension (due to weakened institutional monitoring), and insignificant for the legal dimension. These results are consistent with agency and legitimacy theories. The study provides new insights for policymaking and strengthening institutional monitoring. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_232468.html The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of strategic human resource management components on the performance of sports businesses. The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-correlational research in terms of method, which was conducted using the structural equation method. The statistical population of the present study consisted of 400 managers and employees of public and private sports businesses in Hamedan province. According to Morgan's sample size determination table, 196 individuals from the aforementioned population were selected as a statistical sample by stratified random sampling. The standard strategic human resource management questionnaire by Chang and Hong (2005) and the business performance questionnaire by Holly et al. (2005) were used to collect data. The face and content validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by experts, and their reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.95 and 0.97, respectively. The structural equation model was used to test the hypotheses using SPSS23 and PLS3 Smart software. The results showed that strategic human resource management and all its components had a positive and significant effect on the performance of sports businesses (p≥0.005, t≤1.96). Based on the research results, sports business managers should focus on and implement post-employment training, providing opportunities to learn new skills, distributing the necessary resources to get things done in the workplace, and any other development activities. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237087.html In today's world, the position of skill training is obvious to everyone, skill training increases productivity and job creation and brings satisfaction to employers, capital owners and industries. Because in all countries they have come to the conclusion that skill training increases the specialized and professional skills of people to get their favorite jobs and businesses and increases their efficiency in doing things. Skill training helps in improving decision-making ability, problem solving, creative thinking, effective relationship with others, stress control, etc. Undoubtedly, increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of skill-related training is done in the shadow of its interaction with sub-systems, i.e. labor market, industry, employment and employers. The countries of the world take different procedures when faced with skill training, and these factors cause their success or failure in this important matter. In industrialized and advanced countries, skill training are defined and implemented based on the needs of the industry, but in developing countries, skill training are implemented without considering the needs of society and industries. In this paper, the Islamic Republic of Iran is compared with several advanced and developing countries in terms of skills training. The results showed that, in Iran, due to the unsystematic expansion of skills training, its effectiveness has remained sterile. This research has provided the necessary solutions to achieve the success of skills training in Iran. The results of this research help to develop and improve skills training in Iran. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_232568.html The aim of this research is to examine the impact of city entrances on urban identity from the perspective of the Meta methodology approach. Considering that city entrances are the first points of contact and interaction for citizens and travelers with a city, as well as representing its identity indicators, this study investigates the literature on understanding how urban identity is formed and transformed, with an emphasis on the design elements and structure of entrances. Data collection was conducted through library research and article searches within the period of 2014-2024, covering the last ten years. In this context, 26 articles were selected and analyzed. 45 percent of the studies used qualitative research methods, 41 percent used mixed strategies, and 12 percent used quantitative methods and with the use of spatial analyses, statistical software, and urban imaging being characteristic of these studies. In the field of urban identity, qualitative methods have been more welcomed, which can be attributed to the social, cultural, historical, and economic complexities, the examination of citizens' experiences, and the attention to local context and participation in the city. Urban entrances not only serve as access routes to cities but also influence the overall identity of the city due to their design features, functionality, and the existing space. Proper design of entrances can help strengthen urban identity, increase citizens' sense of belonging, and attract tourists, while inefficient entrances may negatively impact the public perception of the city. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_235400.html The idea of a university provides images that help discover the truth and establish a university. Thus, the current study considers the evolution of this concept in the West and examines how the idea of a university was formed and its status in Iran. The purpose of the present study is to explore the experiences of Iranian university professors from their time in universities both inside and outside Iran. It also examines their perspectives on how the idea of a university was formed and its status in Iran. The present study is qualitative. It was conducted based on a combination of policy Delphi methods and scenario-building. Interviewees participated in several stages and answered questions in the form of five textual scenarios: Oxbridge, Humboldt, Civic, Boyer. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The research field included 25 professors from Iranian universities, including 7 women. After the interviews, the following findings were obtained: 1. Academic values (freedom, ethics, justice), 2. Academic processes (research, education, communication, services), and 3. Academic atmosphere (architecture, management, students, academic alienation). In the results section, it was shown that faculty members in Iranian universities believe that Iranian universities were not formed based on the idea of a university. They believe that universities in Iran are facing serious political, cultural, social, and internal challenges. The respondents considered solving these problems to be very far-fetched. They stated that creating conditions for a traditional university in Iran requires very extensive and profound changes. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_236170.html Suppression of the immune system is a reaction that can be done to treat various diseases,so we suppress the immune system and allow the body to graft the transplanted organ. Immune-suppressing druge are drugs that help weaken the immune system.In this study, a reliable, sensitive and simple technique was developed for preconcentration and determination of trace levels of azathioprine using solid phase extraction method and detection with visible-ultraviolet spectrophotometer has been presented. Graphen oxide nanoparticles were used as adsorbents for extraction Azathioprine from the sample solution. Azathioprine solution was mixed with solid adsorbent and stirred by a magnetic stirrer .after extraction , the solid phase containing azathioprine was washed by methanol (as a desorbing solvent) and then the adsorption of the extracted analyte was measured at 274 nm. The effective parameters on the extraction efficiency including pH, adsorption and desorption time, rotation speed of adsorption and desorption magnetic stirrer, volume of extraction solvent, adsorbent weight were investigated. Under the optimumconditions, the enrichment factor and recovery were 54 and 86.4% respectively. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.008 -1.02 mg 𝐿 −1 with correlation coefficient of 0.9995. the detection limit was 0.008 mg 𝐿−1 and relative standard deviation(RSD) for azathioprine measurment was 2.3%. the application of the method for extraction and determination of azathioprine was demonstrated in real sample. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_236171.html QCA یک فناوری جدید در سطح نانو الکترونیک است. این فناوری انرژی بسیار کمی را مصرف می کند، همچنین مساحت کم و سرعت بسیار بالا مزایای این فناوری در ساخت گیت های دیجیتال در سطح نانو می باشد. در این مقاله یک ساختار پایه برای مالتی پلکسر 2 به 1 معرفی شده است. مزیت این ساختار نسبت به ساختارهای دیگر پیمانه ای بودن طراحی است و می توان مالتی پلکسر ‌ n‌‌2 به 1 را با این ساختار پایه ساخت. مالتی پلکسر یک جزء مهم در مدارات دیجیتال است که در ساخت مدارات FPGA بسیار پرکاربرد است. مالتی پلکسر معرفی شده در این مقاله از لحاظ مساحت (Area) ، تاخیر‌ (Latency) و تعداد سلول های QCA بکار رفته با ساختارهای مشابه مقایسه گردیده است. مالتی پلکسر معرفی شده با نرم افزار QCA Designer شبیه سازی شده است. نتایج این کار در مقایسه با مقالات دیگر نشانگر بهبود قابل ملاحظه در طراحی مورد نظر از لحاظ سرعت، مساحت و تعداد سلول های مورد استفاده می باشد. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_236173.html In the present study, Dust Acoustic(DA) waves are investigated in the presence of periodic force for an unmagnetized quantum dusty plasma consisting of degenerate electrons, ions and negatively charged dust grains. Using quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) model and employing reductive perturbation technique, a forced Korteg-de Vries (KdV) equation is derived for DA waves and an analytical solution for these waves is derived in the presence of periodic force. It is found that the presence of external periodic force affects the amplitude and width of DA waves. A dynamical system is formed to explore the periodic and quasiperiodic structures of DA waves in model plasma through phase portrait and time series analysis. It is found that in the presence of external periodic perturbation, the perturbed KdV equation shows quasiperiodic behavior which is confirmed by a torus in phase plane. It is noted that, quasiperiodic motion is represented by a dynamical system having a finite number of incommensurable frequencies, and the trajectory in the phase space winds around on a torus filling its surface. The results will be helpful in laboratory plasmas as well as in space plasma environments. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_236394.html Voluntary disclosure of human capital information, particularly regarding performance management and employee engagement, enhances organizational transparency and influences individual investors' decisions in the stock market. This study examines the impact of human capital disclosure on individual investors' trading intentions (buying, holding, and selling stocks). The research is applied in purpose and descriptive-survey in nature. The statistical population consisted of individual investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange. Data were collected from 269 participants using snowball sampling through a four-part questionnaire (demographics, human capital disclosure, trading intentions, and private/public consultation sources). Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling and hierarchical logistic regression. Human capital disclosure (performance management and employee engagement) significantly affects intentions to buy, hold, and sell stocks. Performance management strengthens the disposition effect bias, increasing the tendency to hold stocks due to optimism about future value growth. Employee engagement, via the reverse disposition effect, encourages early selling of profitable stocks. Private and public consultations moderate the relationship between human capital disclosure and trading decisions; private consultation promotes stock retention, while public consultation encourages selling. Voluntary disclosure of human capital information, especially in performance management, reinforces the disposition effect bias in holding stocks but lacks strong evidence of impacting overconfidence biases or reverse disposition effects in stock transactions. This highlights the role of human capital disclosure in reducing price volatility and encouraging stock retention during downturns. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_236955.html A b s t r a c tIn the complex and dynamic landscape of electricity markets, producers’ decision making regarding pricing strategies and technology selection for power generation is profoundly influenced by prevailing uncertainties, accumulated experience, and their understanding of present and future power system conditions. This study aims to model the decision making behavior of electricity producers by integrating the Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm with a fuzzy inference system (FIS), in order to simulate the simultaneous effects of historical experience, market power, and evolving structural conditions on strategic behavior. Within this hybrid framework, the fuzzy system plays a pivotal role in determining risk taking strategies, while market power is analyzed in a dynamic, real time manner. Beyond behavioral modeling, the study also conducts a comparative evaluation of electricity generation technologies under uncertainty, assessing conventional and renewable alternatives—such as fossil fuel plants and photovoltaic systems—based on criteria including cost efficiency, supply reliability, and stakeholder preferences. By combining the GWO optimizer with stakeholder insights from the electricity industry, the proposed model incorporates qualitative, customer oriented factors into the optimization process, thereby enhancing the validity, adaptability, and practical effectiveness of decisions. Results from sensitivity analysis and technology categorization into three distinct groups yield more precise and comparable conclusions, offering a novel analytical framework for optimal technology selection under uncertainty. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237078.html A b s t r a c t The present study aimed to identify the contextual factors affecting the influence of Trade associationon the policymaking of Iran's free technical and vocational schools. The research was conducted using an exploratory approach with a grounded theory method based on the Strauss and Corbin model. The research field (statistical population) included all active members of Trade associationof free technical and vocational schools and experts in technical and vocational education. Data were collected through purposive sampling using semi-structured interviews and to the point of theoretical saturation with the participation of 19 active members of Trade associationof free schools and experts in technical and vocational education. Data were analyzed qualitatively in three stages: open (free) coding, axial coding, and selective (selective) coding. The credibility of the data was confirmed through review by participants and non-participating experts.Data analysis resulted in the extraction of 66 conceptual categories and 22 axial categories. Finally, 8 main contextual categories were identified, including: good governance, structural maturity of associations, capable and influential managers in associations, the position of associations, participatory decision-making, policy review, protection of associations, power hunger of the government sector.The findings of this study show that the Iranian association system in the field of free technical and vocational schools has the necessary capacity for policymaking participation. If this is realized, it will lead to optimal decision-making, which will increase efficiency and ultimately lead to further upgrading and development of skills training in the country. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237080.html The aim of this study was to present a model for utilizing media capacity to expand the educational foundations of Martyr Hajj Qasem Soleimani's school of thought among middle school students. The research method employed in this study was a qualitative approach using the data foundation method (Strauss and Corbin's systematic model), which was conducted in the field in terms of fundamental objectives and data collection. The population of this study included all stakeholders and experts in the fields of Islamic ethics, media, educational sciences, scholars, and informed educators, who were selected using purposive sampling (20 individuals). Data analysis for open, axial, and selective coding was conducted using a qualitative grounded theory approach, and by analyzing interviews, open coding was performed. The pattern of utilizing media capacity for expanding the educational foundations of Martyr Hajj Qasem Soleimani's school of thought among middle school students is influenced by Ali's conditions (managerial, human, media literacy, economic, and content-related) and taking into account the extraction strategies (media, planning, and educational) that are influenced by background conditions (culture and infrastructure) and interventionist conditions (legal, media performance, and structural), it is possible to witness outcomes such as familiarity with the educational foundations of Martyr Soleimani by students, teachers, school administrators, and parents, improvement of students' behavior in dealing with difficulties and hardships, improvement in the behavior of parents, school administrators, and teachers toward students, improvement in students' religious and moral beliefs, emergence of more Islamic education-based behaviors in students, changes in students. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237082.html The treatment of sick children is often accompanied by anxiety due to their lack of psychological maturity, exposure to new situations, and fear of separation from their families. Research indicates that more than half of children in hospitals face this issue, which negatively impacts the treatment process and causes concern for parents. Therefore, it is essential to consider their needs and experiences when designing treatment environments, so that designers focus not only on aesthetics but also on responsible design and the application of a design thinking approach. The goal of this research is to examine the impact of this human-centered approach on improving the therapeutic experience of children, emphasizing their challenges and experiences through empathy. This article is a review study that collects data from reputable sources in the field of responsible design and design thinking and investigates how this approach can reduce children's anxiety. The results show that using this approach in designing entertaining services and child-friendly, joyful environments can effectively reduce anxiety, although its implementation in Iran has not yet been fully realized. The findings and recommendations suggest that this approach can serve as a key strategy to help healthcare providers offer more effective services by reducing the anxiety levels of children, ultimately leading to an improved therapeutic experience, enhanced quality of life, and increased satisfaction for both children and their parents. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237083.html توسعه محصول جدید یک نیروی محرک کلیدی برای رسیدن به مزیت رقابتی و و پاسخ به تنوع طلبی مشتریان است به همین دلیل بسیاری از محققان در تلاش برای پیدا کردن عواملی هستند که منجر به موفقیت توسعه محصول جدید می‌شود. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع توسعه محصول جدید، این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی پیشران های موثر بر موفقیت توسعه محصول در راستای کسب و کار مقاوم در صنعت کاغذ و مقوای ایران انجام شد. بدین صورت که با انجام مصاحبه های عمیق با خبرگان و تحلیل تم، 6 مولفه های اصلی و 31 زیرمولفه موفقیت توسعه محصول از منظر کسب و کار مقاوم شناسایی و سپس با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی تاییدی و نرم افزار PLS این عوامل در صنعت کاغذ و مقوای ایران مورد ارزیابی و نهایی سازی قرار گرفت. در نهایت میزان تاثیر و اثرگذاری و تاثیرپذیری عوامل با استفاده از تکنیک دیمتل فازی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج دیمتل فازی بیانگر تاثیرگذاری (علت بودن) معیارهای "عوامل محصول" ، "عوامل محیطی در سطح کلان" و "عوامل ارتباطات " و تاثیرپذیری (معلول بودن) معیارهای "عوامل مدیریتی"، "عوامل تجاری سازی و بازار"، و "عوامل سازمانی" می‌باشد. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237090.html The current research is an analysis of administrative financial corruption in Tehran Municipality. The participants of this research were the administrators of Tehran municipality with at least 15 years of teaching experience and having a master's degree or higher. Sampling was done with the participation of 15 experts. The data collection tool consisted of two parts, 1- examination and exploration of upstream documents, Tehran municipality documents in the library section, 2- semi-structured interview in the field section, where the semi-structured interview with the participants continued until the theoretical saturation stage. To analyze the qualitative data, the theme analysis method based on the Atreide-Sterling model was used. In order to measure reliability, Holsti's coefficient, Scott P's coefficient, Cohen's kappa index and Kruppendorf's alpha were used, which were confirmed. ATLASTI software is used in the theme analysis. The results of the factor analysis show that among the 70 indicators, 14 basic themes can be identified and 6 categories of constructive themes have been obtained. The constructive categories of the second level are economic procedure, political procedure, social procedure, moral procedure, occupational procedure and cultural procedure. The themes of level one construction are payment system, promotion of bribery. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237091.html A review of the literature on criminal and illegal entrepreneurship reveals significant diversity in terms of research approach, level of analysis, and focus. This heterogeneity underscores the need for a comprehensive and systematic analysis. In this mixed-methods study, we employ a bibliometric approach, specifically co-occurrence analysis, to map the intellectual landscape of this field. Subsequently, we conduct a qualitative content analysis to develop a conceptual framework of the research conducted within the past 35 years (1989-May 4, 2024). First, we conducted a co-occurrence analysis of studies published in the Web of Science database within the specified timeframe. The analysis revealed that "entrepreneurship," "business," "crime," "behavior," "organized crime," "corruption," "illegal," and "farmers" were the most frequently occurring keywords, with total link strengths of 85, 46, 26, 27, 16, 14, 20, and 17, respectively. Second, through qualitative content analysis of the selected studies, we developed a conceptual framework that categorized the existing research into seven major themes: 1. Antecedents of the formation and development of illegal and criminal entrepreneurship, 2. Conceptualizations of illegal entrepreneurship, 3. Consequences of criminal and illegal entrepreneurship, 4. Change strategies of illegal businesses, 5. Intervening factors between antecedents and illegal entrepreneurship, 6. Intervening factors between illegal entrepreneurship and its consequences, and 7. Environmental institutions. Finally, the study concludes with a discussion of the practical and policy implications of the findings and outlines promising avenues for future research. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_238329.html Institutional trust is understood as the attitude formed in public perceptions toward government policies and performance and, according to the OECD (2017) framework, is defined along two core dimensions: alignment of government actions with the public interest and competence in service delivery. This study examines institutional trust as reflected among Telegram users in response to government policies in Iran’s capital market during the period 2020–2022, a timeframe marked by severe volatility and structural shocks in the market. Using deep learning–based sentiment analysis, a Balanced Institutional Trust Sentiment Index (BITSI) is constructed. Subsequently, the asynchronous relationship between capital market fluctuations and digital institutional trust is analyzed using time-series data and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The findings indicate that the BITSI index, derived from the analysis of 2.5 million Telegram posts, remained predominantly at negative levels, reflecting persistent distrust toward economic institutions and policymakers. ARDL results confirm that changes in the stock market index and exchange rate volatility exerted statistically significant and relatively stable effects on users’ digital institutional trust. In contrast, the net inflow and outflow of retail investors’ capital did not demonstrate a stable or significant effect, which can be attributed to the technical nature of this variable and the limited public understanding of such financial flows. Accordingly, the study concludes that rebuilding institutional trust requires more than short-term support for the stock market; it depends on transparency, regulatory stability, and, in particular, continuous monitoring of digital institutional trust to prevent the reproduction of cycles of distrust. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_239426.html The construction industry has made significant progress in the field of interior design and energy efficiency. Based on the experiences gained and having connections with foreign companies, construction companies are able to design and innovate new products with higher quality and lower prices. Therefore, it is important for the engineers and builders this industry know what opportunities they should create at the service supply chain level in this industry so that they can create entrepreneurial opportunities and reach the quality required in this industry. The main goal of this research is to identify entrepreneurial opportunities in large-scale construction projects in Tehran. This research is exploratory in terms of data collection and based on an applied goal. The statistical population of this research is entrepreneurial experts who are active in the field of construction, of whom the researcher interviewed 8 people to extract initial codes and identify indicators. Also, the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process was used to rank the identified indicators. The results showed that; Among the main components, human factors have the highest weight and financial factors have the lowest weight. In the quantitative part, the results showed that; managerial and structural factors have a significant effect on the success of managing large-scale construction projects. Human factors have a significant effect on the success of managing large-scale construction projects. The planning and monitoring factor has a significant effect on the success of managing large-scale construction projects. Financial factors have a significant effect on the success of managing large-scale construction projects. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_239428.html This research first examines the physical characteristics of mosques-schools of the Timurid, Shaybani, Ashtarjani and Safavid periods from different perspectives to determine the relationship between prayer and educational spaces. It measures the physical differences of 16 selected examples of schools and mosques-schools in terms of spatial layout indicators and examines how functional efficiency is with the spatial structural changes of mosques-schools and schools. Next, a typology of 16 selected case studies was carried out, then the functional compatibility of space in the form of four indicators; The quality of the neighborhood of activities, functional differentiation, spatial supervision, hierarchy of various functional areas of influence of spaces, have been measured and the impact of each of the aforementioned indicators on the functional efficiency of the schools in question has been analyzed. The mosques of the Safavid period schools have the most complexity and mysterious space in terms of various indicators such as the highest radial line of sight, the angle of drift of isovist, the lowest radial line of sight and the exclusivity of isovist. In these buildings, it seems that there are spaces with greater distances and wider views. The mosques of the Sheibani and Ashtarjani periods schools have the highest visual connection and visual coherence, which indicates the high coherence of their spaces. The schools of the Timurid period have the lowest amount of visual connection and the lowest visual distance, which indicates a more limited and less complex space. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_241631.html With the advent of Industry 4.0, the competitive environment has changed. Therefore, this research, within the framework of Industry 4.0, aims to identify consumer needs and provide optimization solutions, seeking to develop a new product based on consumer opinions. In this study, the Dirichlet Latent Allocation method was used, which is a statistical approach based on topic modeling and enables the automatic extraction of hidden patterns and topics from large text data. In this study, 6394 user opinions were collected from the Amazon site using the Python programming language and web data mining method. Next, based on these comments, a word cloud of the 50 most important words was drawn. After that, by implementing the Dirichlet latent assignment model in the Python environment, the comments related to each of the product models were analyzed and evaluated using this algorithm. The results showed that 20 topics, including 10 topics related to product features and 10 topics related to services, were of great importance from the consumers’ perspective, and the technical features of new product development were determined. The findings of this research can be used as a practical tool for designers and product development managers in making decisions related to improving design, enhancing quality to the real needs of the market. Finally, using the best-worst method, 10 topics related to product features were ranked; So that the processor, RAM, and screen ranked first to third, and the ports, keyboard, and audio system ranked lowest among product features. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243372.html The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between learning styles and creativity among architecture students during the 2023–2024 academic year. The statistical population comprised all 80 students enrolled in architectural design courses at the Technical and Vocational University, who were fully included through census sampling. Data were gathered using two standardized instruments: the 44-item Felder–Soloman Index of Learning Styles (Perception, Inputs, Treatment, and Assimilation dimensions) and the 60-item Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, assessing Fluency, Flexibility, Originality, and Elaboration. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients confirmed acceptable reliability (0.684 for learning styles and 0.890 for creativity). Due to the ordinal and categorical nature of the data, chi-square tests and Kendall’s tau-b correlation were employed for analysis. Results revealed that the predominant learning styles were Reflective, Sensing, Visual, and Sequential. Among the learning style dimensions, Perception (Sensing/Intuitive; τ_b = 0.271, p = 0.010) and Assimilation (Sequential/Global; τ_b = 0.278, p = 0.008) showed the strongest significant moderate correlations with overall creativity. Furthermore, higher academic years were significantly associated with better performance in Fluency and Originality (p < 0.05), but not in Flexibility. These findings underscore the critical role of intuitive and global cognitive traits in fostering creativity in architecture students and recommend that skill-based curricula emphasize intuitive, holistic, and problem-based learning opportunities to enhance creative development. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243676.html In this study, the systematic effect of the dielectric constant of porous material on the performance of capacitive pressure sensors based on circular silicon membranes has been investigated in a multiphysics and nonlinear manner. Unlike previous studies that consider simultaneous changes in several material parameters, in this work only the dielectric constant (κ) is considered as an independent variable at three levels of 3, 40 and 80 and its effect on the static, dynamic and frequency behavior of the sensor has been analyzed, while Young's modulus and other mechanical properties have been kept constant. The modeling is based on the nonlinear governing equations of the classical plate and the compressible behavior of the porous dielectric and has been solved numerically by the Galerkin method. The results show that increasing κ leads to a significant reduction in the pull-in voltage (from 240 V at κ=3 to 50 V at κ=80), an increase in static and dynamic sensitivity, a decrease in settling time, and a decrease in the resonant frequency of the system. These behaviors are due to the increase in electrostatic force and the effective “softening” of the structure. The findings confirm that optimizing the dielectric constant without changing the mechanical stiffness is an effective strategy for designing medical sensors with low operating voltage, high sensitivity, and fast response. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243731.html The networking significantly influences the expansion and quality of e-mentoring relationships within entrepreneurial ecosystems and entrepreneurial universities. This study aims to provide an integrated view of the factors influencing networking in e-mentoring for entrepreneurship and its application in academic education process. The research was applied in nature and adopted a theory-building meta-synthesis approach, using Finfgeld-Connett’s (2018) model. By searching relevant keywords such as networking and e-mentoring in the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases, 139 articles were identified (The time frame considered for the articles reviewed extends until April 26th of 2025). After screening them based on the PRISMA framework, 27 articles were selected for qualitative content analysis. The findings revealed that the core codes of networking in e-mentoring include three parts: the antecedents (such as internet and Web 2.0 technologies, and networking strategies), the processes (such as social-emotional support and educational support), and the outcomes (such as making and maintaining of continuous interactions). These three core codes form the pattern for the development of e-mentoring relationships. In this pattern, entrepreneurship e-mentoring networking can enhance students' access to experiential learning resources, as well as foster interdisciplinary and international relationships, thereby making their entrepreneurial learning process more focused. The findings can contribute to improving university educational processes and the expansion of e-mentoring networks. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243732.html Crack detection in automotive parts is an important issue in their maintenance and repair operations. Identifying and diagnosing cracks in automotive parts can help determine the health of the structure and prevent the possibility of structural failure. An efficient method to detect cracks in parts is to use wavelet transform. This paper proposes a new crack detection technique based on two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform and standard deviation obtained from its detail signals to select an optimal wavelet function. According to the findings, there is a significant relationship between the standard deviation of the statistical index and the desired detail signal obtained from the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform to select the optimal wavelet function. In particular, the results show that by increasing the standard deviation of the detail signal matrix by a given wavelet function, the resolution of crack detection increases with that wavelet function. This result can help to better diagnose damage in automotive parts. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243733.html This paper analyzes the economic impact of daily two-hour scheduled power outages on residential consumers and the Ministry of Energy in Iran. Direct losses (e.g., food spoilage, electrical equipment damage, reduced comfort) and indirect losses (e.g., reduced household productivity, Ministry of Energy’s response costs) were estimated based on monthly electricity consumption data (300 kWh/household) and the base tariff (100 Tomans/kWh). The total monthly loss for 30 million households was estimated at 1.8 trillion Tomans, while the Ministry of Energy’s revenue reduction equated to 8% of monthly sales. Four short-term solutions—load management, peak pricing, residential solar microgrid development, and energy storage—were evaluated using a cost-benefit model and supply-demand simulations. Results indicate that combining smart load management with incentives for rooftop solar panels and home battery installations could reduce the need for outages by 70% and significantly mitigate national economic losses. Policy recommendations for rapid and effective implementation of these solutions are provided. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243735.html Steel shear fuses, can prevent the transfer of damage to the main structural components. However, previous studies have focused solely on the geometry of the shape, and the two parameters of shape geometry and fuse material have not been investigated simultaneously. In this research, in addition to the shape geometry, two other materials with higher energy absorption capacity have been investigated, which resulted in an approximate 131% increase in energy absorption. This research investigates the behavior of steel shear fuses with different materials (SS400 and LY225) as well as geometric parameters including thickness (t), the length of the fuse’s reduced section (wl), and the width of the reduced section (wt). To this end, numerical analyses were performed on the fuse model, and hysteresis, stiffness, and damping curves were extracted for each cycle. The results showed that the shear fuse made with SS400 material performed better than the other materials. Also, among the shape parameters, increasing the thickness of the piece increases the energy absorption of the model, increasing wl decreases stiffness, damping, and energy absorption, and the parameter wt shows better performance in terms of energy absorption within the range of 19.1 to 63.5 mm. Therefore, it can be concluded that the correct selection of materials and the optimization of the geometric dimensions of the shear fuse play a fundamental role in increasing the stability, energy absorption, and seismic performance of this element. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243736.html In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of the proline and glycine amino acids on the stress tolerance indices of greenhouse cucumber, a factorial experiment was designed in a completely randomized design and conducted at Shahrekord Agricultural faculty in 2023. The experimental factors included proline foliar application at two levels (control and 75 mgL-1), glycine at two levels (control and 75 mgL-1), and irrigation water salinity caused by NaCl at four levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 mM). After applying salinity stress, height, leaf area, root and shoot dry weight, total chlorophyll, relative leaf water content, electrolyte leakage, and root and shoot sodium concentration were measured. The results illustrated that under salt stress, the growth parameters of cucumber plants such as leaf area and dry weight of roots and shoots decreased. On the other hand, the use of proline and glycine improved root dry weight in the control and 40 mM salinity treatments. Also, shoot dry weight of the plants sprayed with glycine was more than the plants that not sprayed. Leaf area, plant height, and root length of the plants that sprayed with glycine were more than the plants sprayed with proline. The RWC of plants sprayed with proline was higher than control. As well as Plants treated with proline and glycine had lower electrolyte leakage. By increasing of salinity intensity, the Na concentration of roots and shoots increased. In general, foliar application of proline and glycine improved the growth of cucumber plants compared to untreated plants. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243737.html The rising energy demand and the imperative to reduce carbon emissions have underscored the need for developing integrated energy systems capable of coordinating multiple energy carriers. This study presents an integrated optimization model for the operational coordination of gas and electricity networks, enabling bidirectional energy exchange between these networks through combined heat and power (CHP) units and power-to-gas (P2G) technologies. The proposed model incorporates renewable energy sources (wind and solar), battery storage systems, and electric vehicles as flexible components within the electricity network. By considering the technical constraints of both networks, the model simultaneously aims to optimize operational costs and reduce emissions. The objective function minimizes the total costs associated with energy procurement, operation of CHP and P2G units, and carbon emission penalties. Key constraints include power balance in the electricity network, gas flow balance, battery charging/discharging dynamics, electric vehicle charging patterns, and energy conversion capacities of CHP and P2G units. Simulation results on a case study demonstrate that the proposed model achieves up to an 18% reduction in operational costs and a 25% decrease in carbon emissions compared to non-integrated models by leveraging intelligent energy exchange between networks. This framework offers an efficient tool for network operators to manage distributed resources and enhance the sustainability of the energy system. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243739.html Cloud services have gained widespread adoption in recent years due to features such as pay-as-you-go pricing and dynamic scalability. However, one of the main challenges in such environments is the autonomous and optimal management of resources with the aim of reducing costs, complying with Service Level Agreements (SLAs), and improving quality of service. Over-provisioning of resources can lead to increased operational costs and inefficient resource utilization, whereas under-provisioning results in violations of SLA terms and incurs associated penalties. In this paper, a hybrid approach for autonomous cloud resource allocation is proposed, which employs a Hopfield neural network for dynamic prediction of future workload and a fuzzy multi-criteria VIKOR decision-making method for optimal selection of resource allocation policies. The proposed method has been evaluated in the CloudSim simulation environment under various real and synthetic workloads. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared to other benchmarked methods, the proposed approach achieves a significant average reduction of 6% in total cost, 4% in average response time, and 4% in the number of SLA violations. These improvements stem from the integration of accurate workload prediction with a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making algorithm, which enables autonomous and intelligent resource management in cloud environments with dynamic workloads https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243740.html With the expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in higher education, profound transformations have occurred in roles, tools, and teaching-learning processes. In this context, action research education can also undergo meaningful change by leveraging the capabilities of AI. The present study aims to design a conceptual model to explain the requirements, processes, and outcomes of AI-based action research education in the higher education system. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach and a theory-building meta-synthesis method. A total of 269 academic sources—including articles, theses, and digital resources—were analyzed following a systematic search in reputable national and international academic databases. Data analysis was carried out using grounded theory methodology in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The findings indicated that the key antecedents of the model include the initial competencies of students and faculty members in the domains of knowledge, skills, and attitudes, as well as technological infrastructures and capacity building within universities. In the action research process, the use of generative AI tools plays a significant role in various stages of research, such as problem analysis, intervention design, and evaluation. Ultimately, the outcomes of the model are reflected in two areas: research competencies and the psychological dimensions of learning, including increased motivation, self-efficacy, enjoyment of learning, and reduced cognitive anxiety. The proposed model can serve as a guide for the design and implementation of research-oriented courses based on intelligent technologies and for enhancing the quality of learning in higher education. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243741.html The present study, using first principles, studies the structural, optical and magnetic properties of single-layer tungsten diselenide doped with elements of groups VIIB, VB, VIIA and VA. Analysis of the electronic structure of these materials shows that the systems doped with group VIIB exhibit p-type semiconductor behavior, while the use of elements of group VIIB changes the nature of the material to n-type semiconductor. In addition, in both cases, we will have a structure with a tuned band gap energy. In the case of nitrogen and fluorine impurity atoms, the simulation results indicate that the transmission spectrum is asymmetric for the high and low spin states, which indicates the semimetallic nature of this structure and its magnetic nature. Also, optical studies show that the doped structures with a semiconducting nature have the first imaginary maximum of the dielectric function equal to the band gap energy of the material. The results indicate an approach for tuning the electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of two-dimensional materials, especially tungsten diselenide, for many applications in the fields of nano, optoelectronics, and spintronics. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243742.html The second law of thermodynamics analysis is a powerful tool for evaluating and improving the efficiency of energy systems. In this study, viscous entropy generation in the airflow around airfoils used in wind turbine blades was investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The flow around these sections was simulated at a given Reynolds number and angles of attack ranging from 0° to 20°. For each airfoil, the local distribution of the entropy generation rate was presented, and the effects of phenomena such as flow separation on entropy generation were carefully examined. The results show that flow separation and the increase in shear layer thickness in the wake region of the airfoils significantly enhance entropy generation. For example, with the increase in angle of attack and the growth of the separation bubble at 20°, a much thicker shear layer forms at the trailing edge of the airfoil, leading to a considerable increase in viscous entropy generation. In addition, a close correlation was observed between generated entropy and the drag coefficient, such that the variation of entropy generation with angle of attack exhibits an exponential behavior similar to that of drag. Based on this, the second law efficiency of the flow around each airfoil was calculated, and its variation with angle of attack was reported. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243743.html Abstract: Considering the critical importance of pistachio quality and its impact on export markets, the development of an intelligent system for classifying open-shell (Khandan) and closed-shell pistachios is an essential requirement in the pistachio processing industry. In this study, a deep learning–based system was developed to analyze pistachio images and perform highly accurate classification. Given that proper imaging of samples is a crucial part of the processing pipeline, a dedicated pistachio analyzer device was designed and constructed to ensure optimal image acquisition. After image collection, the data underwent preprocessing, feature extraction, and final classification using deep learning models. Three deep learning architectures were investigated and evaluated for classifying pistachio images into three categories: "open-shell," "semi-open-shell," and "closed-shell": a basic Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a pre-trained GoogleNet model, and an EfficientNet model. Among these, the EfficientNet model achieved the highest overall accuracy of 99.68%, outperforming the other models. The results demonstrate that deep learning–based computer vision methods surpass traditional approaches in both speed and accuracy, providing a viable solution for improving efficiency and reliability in pistachio production lines. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243745.html Brand love represents a profound emotional bond between customers and a brand, fostering long-term loyalty and enhancing overall brand performance. Among the key antecedents of brand love are perceived value and brand experience. Perceived value encompasses functional, social, and hedonic dimensions, reflecting customers’ evaluations of a brand’s utility, social significance, and experiential enjoyment. Brand experience, in turn, consists of sensory, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components that shape customers’ interactions with and responses to a brand. In the highly competitive Iranian market, attention to these factors is particularly critical for online travel service companies seeking to cultivate enduring customer relationships and ensure sustainable growth. The present study aims to examine the impact of brand experience on brand love, considering the mediating role of perceived value within the context of online travel agencies. In terms of purpose, the research is applied, and regarding its nature and data collection method, it is descriptive–correlational. A random sampling technique was employed, targeting users who had used online travel services at least once. Based on G*Power calculations, 370 respondents were selected and completed the research questionnaire. Data were analyzed using (SEM) through the (PLS) approach. The findings reveal that brand experience significantly influences both perceived value and brand love. Moreover, perceived value exerts a significant effect on brand love and mediates the relationship between brand experience and brand love. These results highlight the strategic importance of enhancing brand experience to strengthen perceived value, foster brand love, and ultimately promote customer loyalty and organizational success. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243767.html In this work, the photocatalytic degradation of RB5 dye by bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Bi2O3) and loaded with silver metal (Ag@Bi2O3) were investigated. Bismuth oxide nanostructures were prepared by hydrothermal method. To evaluate the morphology, size and morphology of prepared nanoparticles, the different techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray energy diffraction spectroscopy (EDX) were employed. The effect of various factors including pH, amount of photocatalyst, concentration of dye, ultrasound waves and different percentages of Ag doped on RB5 dye degradation was investigated. The results showed that the band gap energy of Ag@Bi2O3 and Bi2O3 are equal to 2.46 and 2.65 eV, respectively. The results of different silver doped percentages showed that 2% had the highest RB5 dye degradation under visible light. Experimental results showed that pH=7 has the best effect on photocatalytic degradation. Comparing photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic experiments performed for Bi2O3 and Ag@Bi2O3 to degrade RB5 dye, a higher percentage of degradation was observed in the presence of ultrasound waves than in the absence of these waves. The different amounts of Bi2O3 and Ag@Bi2O3 photocatalysts used for degradation; the concentration of 5g L-1 had the greatest effect on the degradation of the pollutant. Photocatalytic degradation of RB5 dye by bismuth oxide nanostructures follows a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The results also showed that photocatalytic activity of Ag%2@Bi2O3did not decrease after five cycles. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243769.html This study is trying to identify, analyze and modeling the different pillars and dimensions of development of recreational- sports tourism with a new approach to the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The research method was analytical-survey and the statistical population included sports management specialists and sports tourism experts. The statistical sample was selected based on the minimum sample size in PLS software. Based on literatures, documents and explorative semi-guided interviews, a researcher-made questionnaire with 120 items in 7 pillar and its content validity and reliability coefficient (0.91) were also confirmed. Comparison of factors affecting the development of recreational sports tourism showed that the market pillar and interactions with average rank of 4.10 in the first priority, ecology pillar with average rank of 4.0, cultural pillar with average rank of 3.98, financial pillar with average rank of 3.95, support pillar with Average of 3.94, human capital pillar with average rank of 3.88 and policy axis with average rank of 3.82 had the most role in explaining the development of recreational-sports tourism. Based on the results of the structural model, the entrepreneurial ecosystem on the development of recreational-sports tourism with an impact factor of 0.71, the ecological context on the development of recreational -sports tourism with an impact factor of 0.65 and the entrepreneurial ecosystem on the development of recreational-sports tourism 0.54 is effective. Based on these results, recreational-sports tourism in the country should be developed with an entrepreneurial approach and the ecological context or the capacity of Iran's attractive natural resource should be used. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243771.html Today, theoretical and computational chemistry can accurately and effectively express the geometry of molecules, reactivity, and electrical properties. In this work, computational chemistry was used to determine aromaticity. The concept of aromaticity is widely used in chemistry, and with the development of aromatic compounds, the application of Hoeckel's rule for unstable π-electrons, which relates aromaticity to the flatness of compounds, limited it and caused a new definition to be considered for it. Today, aromaticity is the most suitable option for expressing the magnetic properties of compounds. In 1996, the NICS index (nucleus-independent chemical shift quantity) by Schiller and his colleagues to determine the aromaticity and anti-aromaticity of various compounds. Circular and cluster were introduced and now it can be done easily in all kinds of computing software due to its simple understanding and proper performance. The value of NICS is defined as the absolute negativity of electron coverage calculated at the center of the ring or other points, and rings with negative NICS values ​​are considered aromatic and positive values ​​are considered antiaromatic, which is expressed in ppm. [1,2] In this research, using the method and quantum calculations in the initial basis set (HF) and density functional (B3LYP) in different series, it has been used to check the stability, and the NICS index is used to determine The characteristic of aromaticity is used. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243922.html In this study, a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy is designed and analyzed to achieve accurate voltage regulation of a second-order boost converter. Precise control of power converters has always been considered a significant technical challenge due to their nonlinear and multivariable behavior, especially under disturbances and load variations. In this paper, after deriving an accurate mathematical model of the second-order boost converter, the MPC controller is developed by employing future state prediction and incorporating control constraints on the input, input rate, and output variable. One of the most important features of this controller is its ability to select, at each instant, the optimal control signal that ensures the output voltage tracking with minimal overshoot and oscillation. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controller on the studied system, simulations were carried out based on real elements in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, and the results were compared with those obtained using a conventional PI controller and a passivity-based controller. The results demonstrate that, compared to the PI and passivity-based controllers, the MPC controller significantly reduces inductor current oscillations and stabilizes the output voltage with high accuracy. Furthermore, the controller’s robustness against sudden input voltage and load variations was investigated, confirming the high efficiency of the proposed strategy. Therefore, the presented approach can be regarded as a promising candidate for implementation in modern and sensitive power systems. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243923.html The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute fatigue induced by a soccer simulation protocol on neuromuscular control indices (rate of force development [RFD] and reaction time [RT]) and dynamic balance (using the Y-Balance Test and Biodex Dynamic Stability Index) in professional football players. Twenty-four professional male players (mean age 23.4 ± 2.1 years, height 178.5 ± 5.2 cm, weight 72.3 ± 6.8 kg) were randomly assigned to an experimental group (with fatigue protocol) and a control group (without fatigue). The experimental group performed the SAFT protocol, consisting of 6 periods of 15-minute intermittent activity at 85-95% of maximum heart rate, while the control group remained at rest. Pre- and post-intervention, variables including RFD, RT, Y-Balance performance in three directions (anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral), and Biodex Dynamic Stability Index were measured. Data analysis using paired t-tests and repeated-measures ANOVA showed that after acute fatigue, RFD significantly decreased (p = 0.01), RT increased (p = 0.02), Y-Balance performance weakened in all three directions (p < 0.05), and Biodex Dynamic Stability Index increased (p = 0.01), indicating reduced balance. No significant changes were observed in the control group. The findings suggest that acute fatigue can impair neuromuscular control and dynamic balance in professional players. These results emphasize the need for specialized training programs to enhance fatigue tolerance and implement post-fatigue recovery interventions to reduce injury risk and maintain performance. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_244597.html A b s t r a c t The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of influencer marketing on customer online purchase intention on Instagram social network. This study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of the data collection method is a descriptive-correlational type. The statistical population of the study is all Instagram users who have made a purchase at least once under the influence of influencer marketing. The statistical sample of the study was 385 of these people selected by random sampling. The data collection tool is a questionnaire that includes influencer marketing (credibility, attractiveness, trustworthiness, and influencer expertise) and customer online purchase intention. SPSS version 22 software and t-statistical techniques and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. The findings of the first hypothesis test of the study showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between influencer credibility and customer online purchase intention. The findings of the second hypothesis test of the study showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between influencer attractiveness and customer online purchase intention. The findings of the third hypothesis test of the study showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between influencer trustworthiness and customer online purchase intention. The findings of the fourth hypothesis test of the study also showed that there is a significant and positive https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_244644.html The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing and representing the lived experiences of sixth grade teachers from the work and technology curriculum. The statistical population of the study included all sixth grade teachers in Qom in the academic year 1403-1404. From among them, with the guidance of elementary school principals and using a purposive sampling method, 32 of them who had at least 5 years of teaching experience in the sixth grade and had the necessary information about the research topic and were willing to participate in the interview process were selected and their lived experiences were examined as sources of information. The research data collection tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview that was conducted with regard to the principle of theoretical saturation. The seven-step Collaizi method was used to analyze the findings. The results of the study showed that the sixth-grade work and technology course faces problems such as a lack of basic and basic facilities and equipment, problems related to teachers (which itself includes three subcategories: lack of sufficient knowledge and skills, heavy and voluminous educational assignments and expectations from sixth-grade teachers, and inappropriate teaching methods), content problems, lack of exams, insufficient time for lessons, preferential valuation of other sixth-grade subjects (mathematics, science, and Persian), and problems related to students' families, which in practice hinder the achievement of its goals and effectiveness. Obviously, planning for resolving the above problems can provide a basis for the development of the professional skills of elementary school learners. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_244645.html Privacy is one of the fundamental principles of Iranian–Islamic residential architecture, the realization of which is directly related to the organization of spatial structure within houses. However, the physical–spatial transformations of the past century have altered residential patterns and weakened certain traditional principles underlying the achievement of privacy. This study aims to examine and analyze the spatial structure and privacy components of residential houses in the city of Dezful, seeking to comparatively elucidate the trajectory of transformations in spatial privacy. It also addresses the question of how changes in the spatial structure of Dezful’s residential houses across historical periods have influenced the degree of spatial privacy, and to what extent these changes can be explained through space syntax indicators. The research adopts a mixed analytical–comparative and case-study methodology. Samples were spatial privacy, and to what extent these changes can be explained through space syntax indicators. Samples were selected through non-probability purposive sampling from residential houses belonging to three historical periods. Spatial structure analysis was conducted using the space syntax approach and Depthmap. The findings indicate that Qajar-period houses exhibit deeper spatial structures, lower integration in private spaces, and greater control over access routes. These characteristics contribute to a higher level of spatial privacy and demonstrate that the realization of privacy in Iranian housing depends less on formal appearance and more on the logic, and the degree of privacy realization. The findings indicate that Qajar-period houses exhibit deeper spatial structures, lower integration in private spaces, and greater control over access routes. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_244778.html Financial literacy is a key skill for success in entrepreneurship, as it helps young entrepreneurs build sustainable and successful businesses by reducing financial risks and attracting investment, thereby significantly contributing to economic growth and sustainable development of society. On the other hand, personal financial management plays an important role in enhancing economic decision-making power by Improving planning and cost-control abilities. Therefore, it is expected that personal financial management has an effective impact on financial literacy. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to empirically examine the effect of personal financial management on financial literacy. To measure personal financial management, the financial planning criteria with 6 sub-variables was used, and to measure financial literacy, all three dimensions of financial knowledge, financial attitude, and financial behavior were considered. The statistical population of this study consists of students at Yazd Branch of Islamic Azad University during Autumn 2024. Data collection was conducted using a standard questionnaire, and based on Cochran's formula, 390 students were determined as the sample size. The data were collected through stratified random sampling and analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test. The results indicate a significant impact of personal financial management on financial literacy. Consequently, familiarizing students with personal financial management methods, including financial planning skills, will increase their knowledge and financial attitudes and lead to effective financial behaviors. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_245183.html With the rapid increase in energy prices and growing environmental concerns, enhancing energy efficiency has become a global strategic priority, driving manufacturing industries toward consumption optimization. However, unexpected breakdowns and operational deficiencies lead to increased energy consumption. The adoption of efficient maintenance systems can play a crucial role in reducing operational costs and job completion times. In this regard, the Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) approach enables real-time monitoring of equipment status and identifies as well as implements appropriate preventive and corrective actions. Accordingly, this study presents an integrated model of a flexible production scheduling problem equipped with a CBM system, which addresses online maintenance scheduling, job sequencing, and resource allocation. In the production environment, energy consumption is a function of job completion time; therefore, in the optimization process, both makespan and power consumption are simultaneously considered with the objective of optimizing electricity usage at the factory level. Considering the NP-Hard nature and stochastic characteristics of the problem, two metaheuristic algorithms, namely the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO), are employed to obtain near-optimal solutions. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_245611.html Purpose: This study examines the relationship between the level of artificial intelligence maturity and the quality of financial reporting and profitability of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Design/Methodology: We employ a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. The quantitative phase analyzes panel data from 50 firms (150 firm-year observations, 2021-2023) using fixed-effects regression models. AI maturity is measured via a contextualized five-level framework (0=unaware to 5=fully institutionalized) derived from content analysis of annual reports and survey responses (n=42, 84% response rate). Dependent variables include return on assets (ROA), price-to-earnings ratio (P/E), and a composite financial reporting quality index (FRQ). To mitigate endogeneity concerns, we utilize propensity score matching (PSM) and instrumental variable (IV) estimation. The qualitative phase involves 18 semi-structured interviews with CFOs. Findings: Regression results indicate AI maturity is positively associated with ROA (β=0.147, p<0.01), P/E (β=4.1, p<0.01), and FRQ (β=0.274, p<0.05), controlling for firm size, leverage, and age. Firms with AI maturity ≥3 exhibit significantly higher average P/E ratios (12.1 vs. 8.3, p<0.01). Qualitative findings reveal key barriers (sanctions, skill shortages) and enablers (top management support, localized platforms). Originality: This is the first study to adapt the AI maturity framework to Iran's institutional context and provide rigorous empirical evidence on the AI-performance link in an emerging market characterized by technology sanctions and data infrastructure constraints, using advanced causal inference techniques (PSM, IV). Practical Implications: Results guide firms in prioritizing AI investments and inform policymakers on technology disclosure requirements and workforce development strategies. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_246297.html With growing global concern over climate change, assessing energy consumption and pollutant emissions in the agricultural sector has become increasingly important. This study aimed to evaluate the energy consumption pattern and estimate the environmental impacts of table grape production in West Azerbaijan Province during 1404 (2025). Data were collected through random sampling and completion of 50 questionnaires by educated grape growers. Energy calculations were performed based on input–output analysis using energy equivalent coefficients. The results showed that total energy consumption for grape production was 78,840 MJ ha⁻¹. NPK fertilizers accounted for the largest share of energy use (35%), followed by fuels (30%). The energy ratio was estimated at 2.31, energy productivity at 0.2 kg MJ⁻¹, and net energy gain at 102,980 MJ ha⁻¹. Analysis of energy inputs indicated that direct and indirect energies accounted for 19.2% and 80.8% of total energy consumption, respectively. Renewable and non-renewable energies contributed 9.6% and 90.4% of total energy use. Overall, the results suggest that larger and more mechanized orchards are more efficient in terms of energy use, production costs, and environmental performance. To reduce fuel consumption and the use of fertilizers and pesticides, the adoption of high-efficiency machinery, consolidation of field operations, installation of solar panels on cold storage facilities, use of organic fertilizers and compost, crop diversification, timely pruning, and application of biological pesticides are recommended. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247237.html Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) projects, due to their multifaceted nature and complex resource dependencies, require precise tools for performance evaluation and resource management. Basic Data Envelopment Analysis models, such as the CCR model, are incapable of distinguishing efficient decision-making units and providing transparent rankings. This study aims to overcome this challenge and elucidate managerial evolution by presenting a comprehensive framework based on integrating the Andersen-Petersen model and reference set analysis to identify strategic milestones and rank decision-making units. The research method is applied and employs a mathematical modeling approach; in this way, real data from an active company in the oil, gas, and petrochemical industry over a 16-year period (2009 to 2024) were assessed using CCR and Andersen-Petersen models in GAMS software. The results demonstrated that the proposed approach, while resolving the challenge of non-differentiation among efficient decision-making units, facilitates tracking managerial pattern changes and revealing the transition from traditional to modern management. By identifying superior patterns and analyzing the dependency of inefficient years on their references, this framework provides a roadmap for organizational knowledge management, enabling managers to achieve optimal resource allocation by formulating strategies based on successful experiences. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247753.html Evaluation is an important component in the architectural curriculum process and can be one of the vulnerable parts of the education process. Most of these damages are related to the evaluation factors, criteria, and rules used in the educational program. The educational program model of the thinking cycle in architectural design has been presented and developed, but evaluation based on this model has not been examined. Therefore, the main goal was to present an evaluation model for architectural design courses. The present study is of a mixed type (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative part, data sources included scientific resources and articles related to the topic of the thinking cycle, as well as experts in the field of architecture. Participants in the qualitative part were selected using a purposive sampling method (6 people). The statistical sample of the quantitative part included 15 instructors of architectural design courses 1-5. Data analysis was performed in the qualitative part using content analysis and Delphi methods and in the quantitative part using SPSS software. The results of the qualitative part of the evaluation based on 9 thinking cycles were classified into two main themes: design quality (with eight sub-themes) and presentation quality (one sub-theme). The results showed that the designed model had appropriate conceptual coherence and its components were confirmed from the perspective of experts in the field of education and architectural design. Also in the evaluation model based on the thinking cycle, process evaluation (design quality) plays a more important role. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247754.html Tourism growth in recent years increased visitor density in several urban destinations, a situation that appeared more strongly in border cities due to their geographical location, natural attractions, commercial capacities, and continuous travel flows that exposed them to higher tourism pressures than many other areas. Under these conditions, overtourism, as a result of visitor numbers exceeding destination capacity, could generate economic, social, spatial, and environmental challenges and influence various urban functions. The present study aimed to examine tourism growth in border cities and explain the effects of overtourism dimensions as factors contributing to urban sustainability challenges in the city of Marivan. This research was applied in purpose and conducted through a quantitative approach. The statistical population consisted of residents of Marivan, and the sample was selected using random sampling. Data were collected through a researcher made questionnaire based on the theoretical foundations of overtourism, covering economic, cultural, infrastructural, environmental, managerial, and political dimensions, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the dimensions of overtourism played a role in creating tourism pressures and the emergence of urban unsustainability, and some dimensions had a greater influence in explaining this situation. Overall, overtourism appeared as a multidimensional phenomenon that disrupted the balance between tourism development and urban sustainability, indicating the need for managing visitor capacity, strengthening infrastructure, and adopting coordinated policies to reduce its negative effects. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_251456.html Despite significant advancements in the field of digital technologies, the design process and spatial experience in Iranian architecture remain dependent on traditional methods and passive representations (such as plans and 2D renders). To this end, leveraging Virtual Reality (VR) technology can lead to the enhancement of interaction between the user and space and the design of desirable architectural spaces. In this regard, the present research has been written with the aim of developing an accessibility model for interactive architecture in Iran, emphasizing Virtual Reality technology. The research method in this study is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with an applied purpose and an analytical-explanatory nature. In order to analyze the data, have been used the partial least squares model in Warp-PLS software and the qualitative approach of grounded theory. The findings of the research show that the most effective factors in the formation of interactive architecture based on VR technology in Iran include technical and knowledge infrastructures, simulation quality, VR usability, cultural compatibility, and the level of user participation in the design process; such that the structural model coefficients obtained for these components were calculated as 0.710, 0.650, 0.611, 0.583, and 0.562, respectively. Additionally, the extracted final model is based on the paradigm of “transitioning from static display to data-driven interactive experience.” A paradigm in which the geometric data and information of Building Information Modeling (BIM) are moved from the state of intangible codes and, through interactive interfaces (VR), are transformed into sensory and participatory experiences. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_251887.html Imazethapyr, an herbicide belonging to the imidazoline family, is among the methods used to control Datura stramonium (D. stramonium), which has favorable chemical management of this herb. Six biotypes of Datura stramonium L. were gathered from the provinces of Alborz, Hamedan, Gilan, Kermanshah, Mashhad, and Qazvin in order to examine the effects of imazethapyr herbicide dosages on their physiological, morphological, and biochemical properties. The study was conducted between the years 2021 and 2022, in the research greenhouse of Dr. Shariati College in Tehran, in a RCBD manner with four replications and three levels of imazethapyr application, including no use as a control, reduced and usual doses of 0.5 and 1 liter per hectare were applied, respectively. The aforementioned treatments were administered once the seedlings had reached the stage of six to eight leaves. A sampling was performed a month after the treatments were applied. The findings of the second year confirmed the findings of the first year. According to the findings, the Alborz and Gilan genotypes had the highest relative water content reduction in leaves, and the Hamedan genotype had the most electrolyte leakage. Also, the genotypes from Hamadan and Gilan showed the greatest decrease in protein. The Gilan genotype was correlated with the greatest potassium and sodium increase. Based on the findings, it was determined that the genotypes of Mashhad and Hamedan were equivalent in terms of their responses to Imazethapyr since they had similar physiological and biochemical properties. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_252379.html The transition from the Qajar to the Pahlavi era, concurrent with modernization, brought about profound changes in Iran's lifestyle and architectural form of housing. Despite taxonomic studies, the role of lifestyle as the primary driver of structural changes has received less attention. This research, employing a mixed approach (interpretive-historical and case study), examined 10 historic houses in Tehran (5 from each era). The samples were selected using a targeted method, and data were collected through documentary studies, field observations, and maps. Structural features, including the number of entrances and courtyards, stretch, shape pattern, introversion, and extroversion, were analyzed in a comparative table. Qajar houses, with 2 to 6 courtyards, northeast-southwest orientation (aligned with the sun's path), bilateral to quadrilateral shape patterns, and complete introversion, reflect a large family, privacy-focused, internal-external separation, and self-sufficiency. Pahlavi houses, with reduced entrances, smaller courtyards, varied orientations, a trend towards one-sided patterns, and extroversion, represent the shift to a nuclear family, reduced privacy, gradual elimination of internal spaces, and a consumerist lifestyle. The physical transformation of Tehran's housing is dialectically linked to lifestyle changes, including urbanization, family structure shifts, technological advancements, the emergence of new classes, women's role transformation, and consumption pattern changes. Traditional Iranian architecture in this period experienced a break from tradition, and houses transformed from introverted and self-sufficient entities to extroverted and consumer-focused spaces. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_252560.html The decline in learning experience quality in primary schools and the weak linkage between spatial design and learning processes highlight the need to consider sensory and environmental components in educational architecture. Although previous studies have emphasized the importance of physical factors, a systematic examination of the interaction between sensory, perceptual, and spatial elements in shaping learning quality remains limited. This study aimed to identify, categorize, and prioritize the sensory perception components influencing the design of learning spaces and to provide a validated conceptual framework. This applied-developmental study employed a sequential mixed-methods approach. First, a systematic literature review following the PRISMA protocol was conducted for the period 1990–2025, yielding 58 studies for final analysis after screening. Extracted components were organized into four groups: sensory, perceptual–experiential, environmental–spatial, and interaction with nature. In the second phase, a three-round Delphi questionnaire was distributed to 24 experts in educational architecture, environmental psychology, and educational sciences. Data were collected using a five-point Likert scale and analyzed through mean, standard deviation, relative weight, and ranking. Findings indicated that sensory components held the highest importance in enhancing learning quality (relative weight ≈ 29%), followed by environmental–spatial (27%), perceptual–experiential (24%), and nature interaction (20%). “Natural light,” “acoustic comfort,” and “spatial flexibility” were prioritized as the most critical factors. The results provide a validated framework for designing multisensory learning spaces and underscore the necessity of an integrated approach that enhances sensory and spatial components to improve students’ learning experiences. https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_252640.html With the rapid expansion of service‑oriented architectures and the shift of software systems toward cloud and cloud‑native environments, the optimal placement of service‑based components has become a critical challenge for improving service quality, reducing latency, and enhancing resource efficiency. This research introduces an intelligent and adaptive approach for component placement in cloud environments that leverages data‑driven clustering and evolutionary optimization to enable more informed decision‑making compared to classical methods. In the proposed method, the logical topology of service‑based components is first derived using the K‑means clustering algorithm based on their communication patterns. Similarly, the physical topology of computational nodes is clustered according to workload characteristics and response times. Subsequently, the mapping and placement of components onto computational nodes are optimized adaptively using a genetic algorithm that considers the number of replicas, communication delays, and resource capacities. The objective of this optimization process is to minimize end‑to‑end latency, improve the execution time of service‑based applications, and increase the overall efficiency of the system. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated through simulations conducted in the CloudSim environment under various scenarios. The results demonstrate that the presented method achieves significant improvements in latency, makespan, and execution time compared to conventional algorithms. These findings highlight the capability of the proposed approach to support intelligent and efficient deployment of service‑based components in dynamic and scalable cloud environments https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_253032.html Financial statement comparability, as one of the qualitative characteristics of accounting information, plays a crucial role in enhancing financial transparency and improving investors’ decision-making. However, various factors, such as ownership structure, can influence the extent to which this characteristic is realized. In Iran, the substantial presence of state-owned companies in the capital market highlights the necessity of examining the impact of state ownership on financial statement comparability. This study aims to investigate the effect of state ownership on financial statement comparability, considering the moderating role of financial reporting quality. The statistical population comprises 146 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2016–2023. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive–correlational in terms of methodology. Multivariate regression models and panel data techniques were employed to test the hypotheses. The findings indicate that state ownership has a positive and significant effect on financial statement comparability, contributing to the enhancement of corporate informational transparency. However, financial reporting quality (with a focus on earnings management) does not have a significant moderating effect on this relationship, suggesting that the impact of state ownership on comparability operates independently of the level of financial reporting quality. The results of this study not only enrich the academic literature but also provide practical insights for policymakers, regulatory bodies, and investors to improve corporate governance, strengthen transparency, and enhance the efficiency of the capital market.