توسعه‌ی اشتغال‌پذیری دانش‌آموختگان دانشگاهی: تجربه‌های بین‌المللی و ارائه‌ی الگو

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی (نظری)

نویسندگان

1 استاد، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری، برنامه‌ریزی توسعه آموزش عالی، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

10.48301/kssa.2021.286093.1529

چکیده

یکی از علل عدم تحقق اشتغال پذیری، عدم وجود الگوهای مناسب برای توسعه‌ی اشتغال پذیری است. اشتغال پذیری فرایندی است که تنها متأثر از آموزش نیست و مجموعه‌ای از عوامل و مؤلفه‌ها بر آن تأثیرگذارند و لازم است کلیه‌ی عوامل مؤثر بر این فرایند و همچنین روابط بین آنها تحت عنوان الگوی توسعه‌ی اشتغال پذیری موردتوجه قرار گیرد. هدف این پژوهش ارائه‌ی الگوی توسعه‌ی اشتغال پذیری با توجه به تجارب بین‌المللی و در نظر گرفتن عوامل درون دانشگاهی و برون دانشگاهی است. پژوهش با استفاده از طرح پژوهش غیرآزمایشی و روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی یا انباشت نگاشتی از طریق سند کاوی انجام شد. تجربه‌ها و الگوهای مختلف بین‌المللی و ملی توسعه‌ی اشتغال پذیری بررسی و مؤلفه‌های توسعه‌ی اشتغال پذیری شناسایی شد و الگوی توسعه‌ی اشتغال پذیری ارائه شد. روایی صوری و محتوایی مؤلفه‌ها و الگوی پیشنهادی توسط نظرات و پیشنهاد‌های اصلاحی اساتید راهنما و مشاور تائید شد. بر اساس نتایج پژوهش دارایی‌های اشتغال پذیری در اثر تعامل مؤلفه‌های مهارت‌های اشتغال پذیری، شایستگی‌های تخصصی، مهارت‌های مدیریت شغلی و فعالیت‌های فوق‌برنامه با یادگیری مادام‌العمر کسب می‌گردند و با گذر از مرحله‌ی انتقال به زندگی کاری اشتغال حاصل می‌شود. الگوی ارائه‌شده‌ی عوامل درون دانشگاهی (نوع آموزش‌های ارائه‌شده  عمومی-مهارتی)، برنامه‌ی درسی، رشته‌ی تحصیلی، پداگوژی را در کنار عوامل برون دانشگاهی مانند عوامل اقتصادی، فرهنگی-اجتماعی تأثیرگذار بر روش‌های استخدام و همچنین فراهم ساختن فرصت‌های شغلی و انگیزه و تمایل به اشتغال و کارآفرینی را شامل می‌شود. در الگوی پیشنهادی، فرایند اشتغال پذیری توسط رصد اشتغال و ارائه‌ی بازخورد بازبینی، به‌روزرسانی و به سازی می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Developing the Employability of University Graduates: International Experiences and Modelling

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ebrahim Salehi Omran 1
  • Farnaz Einkhah 2
1 Professor, Department of Education, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
2 PhD Student in Higher Education Development Planning, Department of Education, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
چکیده [English]

One of the reasons for the lack of employability of university graduates is the lack of appropriate models for the development of employability. Employment is a process that is not only affected by education but is influenced by a set of factors and components, and it is necessary to consider all the factors affecting this process as well as the relationships between them as a model for employability development. The purpose of this study was to provide a model for the development of employability according to international experiences and taking into account intra-university and extra-university factors. The research was conducted using a non-experimental research design and qualitative content analysis method or mapping accumulation through document mining. Various international and national experiences and patterns of employability development were reviewed and the components of employability development were identified to present the pattern of employability development. The validity of the components and the proposed model were confirmed by the comments and suggestions of the supervisors and advisors. According to the research results, employability assets are obtained through lifelong interaction of the components of employability skills, specialized competencies, job management skills and extracurricular activities, and employment is achieved through the transition into working life. The presented model included intra-university factors (the type of training provided (general-vocational), curriculum, field of study, pedagogy) along with extra-university factors such as economic, cultural and social factors affecting employment methods and also providing job opportunities and motivation and desire for employment and entrepreneurship. In the proposed model, the employability process was updated and improved by monitoring employment and providing review feedback.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Employability
  • University
  • Graduates
  • Higher education
  • Model
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