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  • The quarterly scientific journal "Karafan" has been in publication since autumn, 2003 with the objective of turning i... moreedit
The issue of employment and retention of human resources in education, particularly in less developed areas is one of the factors of success of the education system. The purpose of this study was to identify and explain cultural factors... more
The issue of employment and retention of human resources in education, particularly in less developed areas is one of the factors of success of the education system. The purpose of this study was to identify and explain cultural factors and new or effective methods in the methods of employment and retention of human resources in less developed areas of education and training for equitable access to facilities and training forces in all areas. An ethnographical research method was employed. The statistical population of this study included teachers in Kurdistan Province who were selected through purposive sampling of 20 teachers from different educational areas to achieve theoretical saturation and information was collected through interviews. The findings of the qualitative analysis showed that six main categories including altruism, socio-occupational identity, inequality and discrimination, corruption, creating favorable support structures and job requirements were important factors that could affect teachers' desire to remain. In conclusion, based on the results, it can be argued that in order to solve the problems in employing and retaining teachers in less developed areas, administrative and systemic problems should be corrected and more social and welfare support should be provided to teachers.
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the professional learning community and teachers' self-efficacy with the mediating role of professional development. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in... more
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the professional learning community and teachers' self-efficacy with the mediating role of professional development. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. The statistical population included all teachers in Sanandaj, which numbered 5040 people. 337 of these teachers were selected as the research sample using stratified random sampling. Three tools were used to collect data: the Professional Learning Community Questionnaire, Chamberlain Professional Development Questionnaire (2008), and the Schanen-Moran and Wolflock Teachers' Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (2001). Structural validity and content validity of research tools were confirmed and Cronbach's alpha method was used to ensure their reliability. Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between vocational learning community with professional development and self-efficacy of school teachers in Sanandaj. The results also showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between professional development and self-efficacy of school teachers in Sanandaj. Finally, based on the results, it can be said that professional development in the relationship between the professional learning community and teachers 'self-efficacy can play a mediating role. Therefore, it can be concluded that establishing and strengthening learning communities in schools can improve the quality of teachers' work.
Today, most universities are trying to increase the effectiveness of new technologies in their educational activities, and in order for educational activities to be effective, they must pay attention to learners as one of the most... more
Today, most universities are trying to increase the effectiveness of new technologies in their educational activities, and in order for educational activities to be effective, they must pay attention to learners as one of the most important elements involved in education. The purpose of this study was to explain the views of experts on the competencies expected of learners in the distance education system. To achieve the purpose of this study, the qualitative method of basic theory strategy was used. Participants in this study were 15 graduates of the doctoral program in the distance education at Payame Noor University who worked as faculty or experts in universities or distance education centers and based on purposive sampling, criteria was selected and semi-structured interviews conducted. For qualitative data analysis, coding method (open, axial and selective) was used and to ensure validity and reliability, two methods of reviewing participants and reviewing non-participating experts were used. The research findings in the form of a conceptual model showed four main categories of competencies including individual and personality competencies, cognitive competencies, skill competencies and behavioral competencies. These competencies are recommended programs for the growth of learners in the distance education system in accordance with the model proposed in the current research and should be implemented with the priority of required competencies.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of knowledge commercialization in higher education based on managerial ambiguity. Applied research method was used in terms of purpose with a qualitative approach. Research data was... more
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of knowledge commercialization in higher education based on managerial ambiguity. Applied research method was used in terms of purpose with a qualitative approach. Research data was collected using inductive content analysis of knowledge commercialization frameworks and holding two Delphi panel of knowledge commercialization experts based on dual ambiguity. The statistical population included 28 university experts, specialists and personnel working at incubation centers of Mazandaran Province. In this section, purposive sampling method was used considering the theoretical saturation law. Data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire. The content validity of this questionnaire was confirmed with the help of professors of expert groups. Findings showed that the dimensions of knowledge commercialization based on managerial dual competence had 4 components including managerial support, managerial empowerment measures, managerial motivational measures, opportunistic measures and 28 indicators. In addition, the findings showed that all dimensions, components and indicators were confirmed.
The aim of this research was to develop a conceptual model of Lancaster and Kurt Rail Higher Education Branding. The research approach was based on deductive qualitative content analysis. The research population included experts at Sharif... more
The aim of this research was to develop a conceptual model of Lancaster and Kurt Rail Higher Education Branding. The research approach was based on deductive qualitative content analysis. The research population included experts at Sharif University of Technology. Using purposive sampling method, 32 people were selected as the research sample. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Data coding technique was used to analyze the data. The Lancaster and Kurt Rail branding models have three concepts of identity, purpose and response, each of which includes three main categories or core, real and added value. The concept of identity includes a set of signs, symbols and branding slogans. The concept of purpose includes the products, services and products, requirements and marketing of the university. The concept of response means interpreting the market performance of university brand products and services in the market. Based on the research findings, the developed branding model of the university had two stages of brand equity creation planning and brand equity measurement. The concepts of identity and purpose were intended for the planning process. Planning included all the strategies used in the preparation and implementation of the branding planning process of Sharif University of Technology. The planning stage included the variables of naming, location, logo, main and supporting missions, staff, professors, products and services, students, marketing and graduates. In the following sections of this paper, the main and pivotal strategies of the mentioned variables are presented. The concept of response is intended to measure the performance of the university brand. Measuring the specific value of the university brand is a set of measures that provide the final value of the university brand in internal and external dimensions by providing special dimensions and variables. The stage of measuring the brand equity of the university included the basic variables of measuring the brand equity of external and internal dimensions. Scientific credibility, reputation, students' feelings and loyalty were considered external infrastructure strategies while empowerment and efficiency, graduates, student services, infrastructure and financial dimensions were considered internal infrastructure strategies. Finally, the number of extract points to measure the university's brand equity were presented.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the obstacles to the advancement of women's sports in East Azerbaijan Province. This study comprised of a descriptive-survey and field research. The statistical population of the study consists... more
The purpose of this study was to investigate the obstacles to the advancement of women's sports in East Azerbaijan Province. This study comprised of a descriptive-survey and field research. The statistical population of the study consists of all women in the age range of 25 to 64 years in East Azerbaijan Province using cluster sampling. The statistical population was divided into five geographical regions in East Azerbaijan Province: central, northwest, northeast, southwest and southeast regions. The total survey sample numbered 384 people which was determined through Cochran's formula. A standard Keshtgars questionnaire was used to measure factors preventing women's participation in sports. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used using ANOVA analysis of variance (P <0.001) with the help of SPSS software version 25. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between the rate of problems facing women's sports in large cities, small towns and villages of the province (F = 130.99). Women in Tabriz city faced structural barriers alone (F = 173.56) while individual barriers (F = 229.54) to some extent lead were the problems faced by women in small towns.  For rural women however, interpersonal problems (F = 473.65) were the main reasons for non-participation in sports.
The objective of this study was to analyze barriers to entrepreneurship in sport from the perspective of students, faculty members, and sports managers in Tehran. The present study was applied in nature and descriptive-analytical in terms... more
The objective of this study was to analyze barriers to entrepreneurship in sport from the perspective of students, faculty members, and sports managers in Tehran. The present study was applied in nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose. The statistical population consisted of all graduate students, faculty members, and sports managers in Tehran. The sample size was estimated via Morgan's Table to include 332 participants who were selected via random and convenience sampling techniques. A modified standard questionnaire was the research instrument. The content and face validity of the questionnaire were reviewed and confirmed by sport management professors and the reliability of the questionnaires was 0.92 using Cronbach's alpha. The results showed a significant difference between the selected groups in structural and environmental components (p <0.001, F = 5.034 and 6.463). However, there was no significant difference between the selected groups in the behavioral component (p> 0.001, F = 1.103). According to the results of this study, attempting to provide initial capital for sports entrepreneurship, formulating functional policies in the field of sports businesses, implementing sports entrepreneurship training programs in scientific centers, developing sports business culture, stability in-laws, and regulation for the development of sports businesses and managerial stability and efforts to increase self-efficacy and self-confidence can help develop sports entrepreneurship and remove barriers.
Employee performance management has many obvious and hidden achievements for the organization because its proper implementation improves employee performance and thus improves the productivity of the organization. The purpose of this... more
Employee performance management has many obvious and hidden achievements for the organization because its proper implementation improves employee performance and thus improves the productivity of the organization. The purpose of this study was to design indicators for evaluating the performance of physical education and sports in the provincial administration of the Technical and Vocational University of Iran. The present study was mixed in terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection (qualitative-quantitative) which was carried out in three stages. In the first stage, semi-open interviews with 8 experts were carried out to extract concepts from their interviews. Then, using 22 experts were interviewed to prioritize and compile indicators using the Fuzzy Delphi technique and hierarchical analysis. Finally, in order to develop a tool to evaluate the performance of physical education departments of the Technical and Vocational University, a sample of 172 people and modeling structural equations (5q <n <15q) in Excel software version 2016, SPSS Version 18 and Lisrel version 8.8 were used. The study tools included 28 concepts in 6 design criteria. According to hierarchical analysis, sports facilities and equipment, material resources, sporting events, educational events, human resources and communication were the most important components of performance evaluation in the order mentioned.
Today, insecurity and crime at sports venues is one of the most important concerns of security officials and sports managers. A key area causing security problems and criminal behavior is sports facilities. The purpose of this study was... more
Today, insecurity and crime at sports venues is one of the most important concerns of security officials and sports managers. A key area causing security problems and criminal behavior is sports facilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of crime prevention factors and improve the security of sports facilities. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and used structural equation research method (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all coaches of sports clubs, managers of sports facilities and elite athletes of 4 western provinces of the country. 155 people (sample) were selected purposefully. Three researcher-made questionnaires were employed as the research tool after face validity confirmation by expert professors. For data analysis, SPSS Software Version 22 and Smart PLS 3.2.7 at a significant level (P ≥ 0.05) were used. Impact coefficients indicate that the components of social security (2.96), monitoring and care (2.93) and care and emergency equipment of the existing space (2.911) have the greatest impact as the top components in reducing crime and increasing security in sports facilities. This study showed that in order to increase the security of sports facilities, a combination of social security of sports, security management in sports and the use of environmental design is appropriate. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the mentioned effective factors.
The present study was aimed at investigating factors affecting the employer brand of the Ministry of Sports and Youth of Iran from an external perspective (potential employees - students of physical education). This research was based on... more
The present study was aimed at investigating factors affecting the employer brand of the Ministry of Sports and Youth of Iran from an external perspective (potential employees - students of physical education). This research was based on developmental results and descriptive purpose method. The statistical population included all physical education students. The non-probability sampling method was available based on Morgan Table. 246 people were selected. The data collection tool used was the standard Webing questionnaire. The internal consistency of the questions was then examined and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. Confirmatory factor analysis indices of first-order and second-order structures were used to analyze the research findings. Effective variables of the foreign employer brand of this research such as the nine elements of organizational brand, social adjustment, expression of values, work-life balance, flexibility, soft skills materialism, public appeal, willingness to work at Ministry of Sports and Youth of Iran and its image were examined. At a level of 95%, the brand of the Ministry of Sports and Youth of Iran can be considered effective. In addition, it was found that the social adjustment factor had the largest share of explanation of the relevant factor in this study.
The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of information technology competency dimensions on organizational innovation in Sports and Youth Departments in Iran. The research method was causal and applied from the perspective... more
The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of information technology competency dimensions on organizational innovation in Sports and Youth Departments in Iran. The research method was causal and applied from the perspective of the purpose. For data collection, the Tippins and Sohai Information Technology Competency Questionnaire (2003) and the Wang and Ahmed Organizational Innovation Questionnaire (2004) were used. The statistical population included employees of all Sports and Youth Departments where 223 people were selected. Experts verified the validity of questionnaires, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of questionnaires was confirmed. LISREL software version 8.8 was used. The results showed that the competency dimensions of information technology affected organizational innovation in Sports and Youth Departments. Environmental changes and inflammatory conditions in the current era seem to have overshadowed the need to pay attention to innovation in sports organizations, and efforts to improve the competence of information technology in order to create innovation may be able to interact more with the youth, community, and keeping up with environmental change.
The present study was conducted to provide a qualitative framework for qualitative Model Talent Identification Strategies for Iranian Sports Federations adaptation. The research was an exploratory study carried out using Grounded Theory,... more
The present study was conducted to provide a qualitative framework for qualitative Model Talent Identification Strategies for Iranian Sports Federations adaptation. The research was an exploratory study carried out using Grounded Theory, in-depth interviews and content and structural analysis based on Strauss and Corbin (2008). To gather data, 17 experts were purposefully selected, and by applying the snowball sampling method, the interviews continued till reaching theoretical saturation. Qualitative data analysis was undertaken by MAXQDA software, and the final model was reported. Based on the components of the paradigm model, 4 main factors (financial resource management, specialized management), 6 causal factors (role of media, scientific view of sports), 6 contextual factors (development of public sports, creation of talent identification centers), 7 intervening factors (weak management, attention to athletes' needs), 8 strategic factors (improving the knowledge of coaches, support of federations), 10 consequences (reducing costs, sustainable development of sports) were identified. Based on the overall conclusion, the country's sports authorities should attempt to coordinate and align talent identification strategies in sports federations by providing the main factors and managing the underlying and intervening factors, planning and explaining appropriate talent identification strategies. This can be helpful not only in identifying and nurturing talented individuals in specialized fields, but also in benefiting society from its obvious cultural, social, economic, and political consequences.
In recent decades, the issue of participation of people and tourists in environmental protection has attracted the attention of city managers to increase efficiency, cohesion and citizen satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to... more
In recent decades, the issue of participation of people and tourists in environmental protection has attracted the attention of city managers to increase efficiency, cohesion and citizen satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the reasons for the participation of citizens and tourists in environmental protection. In terms of developmental-applied purpose and qualitative method, the statistical population of the research included experts and specialists in the field of tourism and environment. Data collection tools in the qualitative part of semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 29 people continued until the stage of theoretical saturation. Six factors (education, management, planning, information, sense of ownership, social) of citizen and tourist participation in environmental protection were identified based on the results. Given the status and importance of providing and facilitating processes for greater citizen and tourist participation in environmental protection, the following recommendations could be useful: increase environmental awareness through education for all stakeholders, interested parties, planners and policymakers, citizens and tourists; explain the environmental conditions and the process of change and the root causes, results and consequences on society and the economy, and ecosystems of Mahmoud Abad region; support and improve the quality of decisions, policies and plans/planning of environmental activities and citizens and tourists who want to participate in environmental protection; and provide extensive information at all levels of society on imminent environmental and ecosystem issues of Mahmoud Abad city.
The present study was conducted to provide a model for the importance and role of social networks in order to trust e-commerce (B2C) using grounded theory method. Participants were theoretically selected and included 20 experts and... more
The present study was conducted to provide a model for the importance and role of social networks in order to trust e-commerce (B2C) using grounded theory method. Participants were theoretically selected and included 20 experts and specialists based on the criteria considered by the researcher. The data collection tool was an interview and the data analysis method was performed using coding and categorization of categories and themes. The results based on the proposed model showed that familiarity with the internet and cyberspace is one of the requirements and preconditions for entering the field for sellers and buyers in e-commerce. The use of national media to localize e-commerce and promote public media literacy was another result of this study. Other issues included supporting the start-up of internet businesses, building hardware and software infrastructure, implementing security protocols to prevent internet fraud to institutionalize trust in e-commerce in society. Based on the overall results, the media, particularly social networks, are the main tools for transmitting information and ideas at community level, which can help the development process of society by creating new ideas and thinking and promoting it every day.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of conservatism on the relationship between operating cash flow and cash value in companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. In order to test the hypotheses of this research,... more
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of conservatism on the relationship between operating cash flow and cash value in companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. In order to test the hypotheses of this research, 184 companies were selected during the period 2015-2019 using a systematic elimination method from the companies accepted on the Tehran Stock Exchange and for analyzing the data, a multiple regression model based on data technique compilation was used. The results show that in the first hypothesis, cash flow and cash value of the company are related and have a positive and significant relationship, so the zero hypothesis is based on the lack of correlation between operating cash and cash value. In the second hypothesis, conservatism influences the relationship between cash flow and cash value and strengthens this relationship. Therefore, the second hypothesis of non-conservative effect on the relationship between operating cash and cash value is rejected. Conservatism can also be described as a structure that, if done appropriately, will lead to the resolution of many representation issues and information asymmetries that generally result from the growing gap between managers and funders of business units. According to the general results of the article, it can be seen that conservatism affects the relationship between operational cash and cash value and strengthens this relationship.
The most important and valuable service of the auditing profession is independent and expert comment on the desirability of financial statements. Financial statements are claims made by management. The opinion is made in the form of an... more
The most important and valuable service of the auditing profession is independent and expert comment on the desirability of financial statements. Financial statements are claims made by management. The opinion is made in the form of an audit report. Various factors affect the auditor's opinion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of political relations on the auditor's comments by emphasizing the market characteristics of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. In order to achieve the research goal, 174 companies were selected from the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2011 to 2017 by systematic removal sampling method and a total of 1218 companies were selected (year-company) for analysis. Logistic regression model was used to investigate the relationships between the variables and the combined data method was used to test the hypotheses. Four criteria of nongovernmental ownership, institutional investors, managerial ownership and severe penalties were used to calculate market characteristics. The findings demonstrated that political relations have a negative impact on the auditor's comments. It is more likely that auditors of non-state companies issue desirable reports than the auditors of state companies. The presence of institutional shareholders undermines the impact of political relations on the auditor's comments. In addition, managerial ownership undermines the impact of political relations on the auditor's comments. However, in the presence of severe penalties, political relations have no significant effect on the auditor's opinion.
The present study seeks to investigate the behavioral entropy challenges of auditors in an audit organization using grounded theory. The results of this study show that the behavioral entropy categories of auditors of auditing... more
The present study seeks to investigate the behavioral entropy challenges of auditors in an audit organization using grounded theory. The results of this study show that the behavioral entropy categories of auditors of auditing organizations comprising of level of disclosure, economic factors, infrastructure, audit system, criteria, collective thinking, adherence to principles, professional investment and analytical surveys have been identified as underlying factors. Lack of specialized working group on auditing standards, lack of development of auditing knowledge, institutions' inattention to reports, measuring auditors' efficiency, low level of auditors' knowledge, lack of job security of auditors, non-observance of auditing behavior, lack of specialized auditing committee and lack of experts were introduced as inputs. Limitations on audits, different auditing process, political pressures and communications, inconsistencies and dichotomies between accounting standards and laws and regulations, lack of proper auditing, lack of boundaries, lack of strong communication between auditors, instability of auditors and limitations of intrinsic properties were identified as processes. Consequences of the behavioral entropy of auditors of the auditing organization included failure to achieve goals, diminishing the role of auditors, increasing audit costs and risk, reducing public trust, damaging the auditor's profession and reputation, reducing the efficiency and effectiveness of auditors, adverse decisions, and undesirable comments.
With increasing competition in the Iranian banking system, banks should always evaluate their performance and use appropriate models to rank and compare with organizations that have similar activities. The purpose of this study was to... more
With increasing competition in the Iranian banking system, banks should always evaluate their performance and use appropriate models to rank and compare with organizations that have similar activities. The purpose of this study was to identify the interactive relationships between performance appraisal indicators because in the real world the causes affecting the occurrence of a phenomenon cannot be considered independent of their effects on each other. This study is based on a mixed approach; at the qualitative step, the study seeks to identify indicators, components and dimensions of performance evaluation in the banking industry and at the quantitative step, it seeks to analyze the structure of relationships between dimensions and components using two methods of interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and fuzzy DEMATEL. In the qualitative part of the research, based on the data collected through semi-structured interviews with experts in banking, thematic analysis and MAXQDA software, local indicators, components and dimensions of performance appraisal in the Iranian banking industry consistent with economic, social, cultural structures were identified. Based on the results, the performance appraisal model in the country's banking industry includes six main dimensions. Based on the items extracted and identified from interviews with experts, these dimensions included risk management, economic indicators, operating environment, internal stakeholders, and the production and development of services, along with a forward-looking dimension. In addition, the results of ISM showed that the two dimensions of risk management and internal stakeholders were of the highest importance in the field of performance appraisal in the banking industry. In addition, the results of the fuzzy DEMATEL method showed that the risk management dimension is the most effective and the economic indicators dimension is the most impressionable compared to the other dimensions.