National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Challenges in the Development of Skills-Based Education in Iran's Higher Education System Challenges in the Development of Skills-Based Education in Iran's Higher Education System 243744 10.48301/kssa.2026.548333.3313 FA Seyedesmaeil Mousavi Institutes for research and planning in higher education, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2502-2014 Gholamreza Zakersalehi Department of Comparative Studies and Innovation in Higher Education, Institute for Research and Planning in Higher Education 0000-0002-7042-3098 Journal Article 2025 09 24 This study analyzes the challenges to the transformation of skill-based education within Iran's higher education system, explaining why, despite repeated emphasis in high-level policy documents, real transformation has not occurred. The research used a qualitative approach and a grounded theory strategy, with data from semi-structured interviews with thirteen experts—including senior managers from the Ministry of Science, officials from skill-oriented universities, and specialists—and an analysis of policy documents. Data analysis identified a "systemic gap" as the core category. This gap manifests in several areas, including a structural-institutional disconnect from fragmented policymaking centers and institutional parallelism; a cultural-attitudinal disconnect where credentialism overrides a focus on skills; and an implementation disconnect evidenced by the absence of a comprehensive development model and frequent policy shifts. Furthermore, the disconnect is apparent in the university-industry relationship, which suffers from a lack of coherent dialogue and mutual trust. It is also seen in curriculum planning shortcomings, such as inflexibility and the neglect of soft skills, and in applying fragmented strategies that lack necessary integration. This systemic gap has led to a "vicious cycle of non-transformation." In this cycle, structural disconnects lead to hasty policymaking, reinforced by cultural resistance, resulting in incomplete implementation and, ultimately, the formulation of new policies without learning from past experiences. The study concludes that Iran's primary problem is not a lack of policies, but this multidimensional systemic gap. Breaking this vicious cycle requires a comprehensive, integrated, and long-term approach to skill-based education. This study analyzes the challenges to the transformation of skill-based education within Iran's higher education system, explaining why, despite repeated emphasis in high-level policy documents, real transformation has not occurred. The research used a qualitative approach and a grounded theory strategy, with data from semi-structured interviews with thirteen experts—including senior managers from the Ministry of Science, officials from skill-oriented universities, and specialists—and an analysis of policy documents. Data analysis identified a "systemic gap" as the core category. This gap manifests in several areas, including a structural-institutional disconnect from fragmented policymaking centers and institutional parallelism; a cultural-attitudinal disconnect where credentialism overrides a focus on skills; and an implementation disconnect evidenced by the absence of a comprehensive development model and frequent policy shifts. Furthermore, the disconnect is apparent in the university-industry relationship, which suffers from a lack of coherent dialogue and mutual trust. It is also seen in curriculum planning shortcomings, such as inflexibility and the neglect of soft skills, and in applying fragmented strategies that lack necessary integration. This systemic gap has led to a "vicious cycle of non-transformation." In this cycle, structural disconnects lead to hasty policymaking, reinforced by cultural resistance, resulting in incomplete implementation and, ultimately, the formulation of new policies without learning from past experiences. The study concludes that Iran's primary problem is not a lack of policies, but this multidimensional systemic gap. Breaking this vicious cycle requires a comprehensive, integrated, and long-term approach to skill-based education. System failure skills-based education Higher education Employability Seventh Progress Plan Iran https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243744_f13dd1b087f1db81e409c69a8e130f02.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Identifying Policy Deterrents to Employment in a Skills-Based Higher Education System Identifying Policy Deterrents to Employment in a Skills-Based Higher Education System 239429 10.48301/kssa.2026.539972.3277 FA Hoda Najafpour Postdoctoral research, Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Accounting, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0002-9826-9512 Bijan Rezaee Associate Professor, Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Accounting, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0001-8753-5136 Journal Article 2025 09 07 With the rapid advancement of technology, the transformation of business models, and the increasing complexity of labor markets, the alignment of skill-based higher education policies with graduates’ employment needs has not been fully realized. This misalignment stems not only from swift external changes but also from structural, institutional, and cultural barriers that impede the translation of high-level strategic documents into operational, skill-based programs within universities. The present study adopts a qualitative meta-synthesis methodology. Accordingly, 151 peer-reviewed articles were selected from academic databases. By applying Sandelowski and Barroso’s seven-stage model, the findings of 44 prior studies relevant to the research objectives were examined, aggregated, synthesized, and interpreted. Through the coding process, 65 codes, 13 concepts, and six components—lack of strategic coherence, insufficient operational infrastructures, a disconnection of university–industry convergence, complexity and inefficiency in resource management, cultural and institutional conservatism, and the absence of a continuous monitoring and evaluation system—were identified, and the validity of each was confirmed via Cohen’s Kappa test. A policy deterrent model for employability in the skill-based higher education system was subsequently developed and delineated. The results indicate that these factors, in interaction, not only result in the dispersion of efforts and institutional parallelism but also hinder the institutionalization of skill standards and the creation of timely feedback loops. Consequently, policymakers should facilitate the realization of skill-based higher education to enhance graduate employability by formulating an integrated strategic document, developing technology-driven skill infrastructures, establishing formal intermediary mechanisms between universities and industry, s With the rapid advancement of technology, the transformation of business models, and the increasing complexity of labor markets, the alignment of skill-based higher education policies with graduates’ employment needs has not been fully realized. This misalignment stems not only from swift external changes but also from structural, institutional, and cultural barriers that impede the translation of high-level strategic documents into operational, skill-based programs within universities. The present study adopts a qualitative meta-synthesis methodology. Accordingly, 151 peer-reviewed articles were selected from academic databases. By applying Sandelowski and Barroso’s seven-stage model, the findings of 44 prior studies relevant to the research objectives were examined, aggregated, synthesized, and interpreted. Through the coding process, 65 codes, 13 concepts, and six components—lack of strategic coherence, insufficient operational infrastructures, a disconnection of university–industry convergence, complexity and inefficiency in resource management, cultural and institutional conservatism, and the absence of a continuous monitoring and evaluation system—were identified, and the validity of each was confirmed via Cohen’s Kappa test. A policy deterrent model for employability in the skill-based higher education system was subsequently developed and delineated. The results indicate that these factors, in interaction, not only result in the dispersion of efforts and institutional parallelism but also hinder the institutionalization of skill standards and the creation of timely feedback loops. Consequently, policymakers should facilitate the realization of skill-based higher education to enhance graduate employability by formulating an integrated strategic document, developing technology-driven skill infrastructures, establishing formal intermediary mechanisms between universities and industry, s Deterrents Policy employment Higher education skills-based https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_239429_5f3c23c5e6e6b5d9dc279a3cd551faef.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Antecedents, Processes, and Consequences of Charismatic Strategic Leadership Development in Higher Education: A Theory-Generating Meta-Synthesis Approach Antecedents, Processes, and Consequences of Charismatic Strategic Leadership Development in Higher Education: A Theory-Generating Meta-Synthesis Approach 240829 10.48301/kssa.2026.546359.3306 FA Maryam Shafiee Sarvestani Associate Professor, Department of Educational management and Planning, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 0000-0002-6120-8230 Marzieh Hajizadeh PhD student, Department of Educational management and Planning, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 0009-0000-8808-2140 Mehdi Mohammadi Professor, Department of Educational management and Planning, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 0000-0002-0121-5092 Jaafar Torkzadeh Professor, Department of Educational management and Planning, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 0000-0002-2303-7573 Journal Article 2025 09 14 As a social institution, universities require effective leadership to address challenges and achieve organizational goals. The main objective of this study was to present a model of antecedents, processes, and consequences of developing charismatic strategic leadership in higher education. The research employed a qualitative meta-synthesis theory-building design using the seven-step method by Finfgeld-Connett (2018). Following the research question formulation, keywords such as leadership, strategic leadership, and charismatic leadership were searched in reputable Persian and international databases including Noormags and Scopus, covering publications from 2000 to 2025 (1380-1404 SH). After evaluation, 111 articles were selected for analysis. A total of 54 open codes were identified and categorized into 16 axial codes under three selective codes: antecedents (e.g., effective communication skills, empathy), processes (e.g., influencing and inspiring followers to achieve strategic organizational goals), and consequences (e.g., improved student academic performance, enhanced quality of higher education programs). The final model was then delineated. The validity of the research findings was confirmed using four methods: descriptive, interpretive, theoretical, and pragmatic validation. The findings indicated that the success of an organization such as a university requires leaders with the antecedents of charismatic strategic leadership so that the processes of this leadership style can be properly implemented and its desired outcomes realized in the higher education institution. It was also suggested that to enhance university productivity, training courses such as emotional intelligence and communication management should be considered. As a social institution, universities require effective leadership to address challenges and achieve organizational goals. The main objective of this study was to present a model of antecedents, processes, and consequences of developing charismatic strategic leadership in higher education. The research employed a qualitative meta-synthesis theory-building design using the seven-step method by Finfgeld-Connett (2018). Following the research question formulation, keywords such as leadership, strategic leadership, and charismatic leadership were searched in reputable Persian and international databases including Noormags and Scopus, covering publications from 2000 to 2025 (1380-1404 SH). After evaluation, 111 articles were selected for analysis. A total of 54 open codes were identified and categorized into 16 axial codes under three selective codes: antecedents (e.g., effective communication skills, empathy), processes (e.g., influencing and inspiring followers to achieve strategic organizational goals), and consequences (e.g., improved student academic performance, enhanced quality of higher education programs). The final model was then delineated. The validity of the research findings was confirmed using four methods: descriptive, interpretive, theoretical, and pragmatic validation. The findings indicated that the success of an organization such as a university requires leaders with the antecedents of charismatic strategic leadership so that the processes of this leadership style can be properly implemented and its desired outcomes realized in the higher education institution. It was also suggested that to enhance university productivity, training courses such as emotional intelligence and communication management should be considered. Higher education leadership Strategic leadership Charismatic Leadership https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_240829_f41d004c7fceb235ca034929a3312a94.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Presenting a Model for Improving the Professional Competence of Teachers at the National University of Skills Presenting a Model for Improving the Professional Competence of Teachers at the National University of Skills 237094 10.48301/kssa.2025.508320.3150 FA Farzaneh Fatahi PhD in educational management, National University of Skills, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0005-7769-077X Journal Article 2025 02 26 One of the main issues in the higher education system is improving the competence of teachers at the National University of Skills. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to present a model for improving the professional competence of teachers at the National University of Skills. The present study was formed using the grounded theory method and interviews. The statistical population includes experts and teachers working at the National University of Skills. Using the snowball technique, 19 people were selected as experts. The results of the interview coding were categorized into six categories: causal conditions, intervening conditions, drivers, pivotal conditions, context, and consequences. Causal conditions include changing teaching methods, student-teacher relationships, teamwork, career growth orientation, change management, effective management, technology characteristics, university policies, and teachers’ needs. Intervening conditions include teaching ability and lesson strategies. The action strategy includes professional competence, competence in skills, teaching knowledge, knowledge and awareness, professional ethics, professional knowledge, strategic thinking, effective leadership, and personal effectiveness. The context and background include teaching competence and expertise. The outcomes include creativity and innovation, technical skill, specialized knowledge, professional competence, teacher performance, teaching competence, effective teaching, competence management, and professional credibility. One of the main issues in the higher education system is improving the competence of teachers at the National University of Skills. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to present a model for improving the professional competence of teachers at the National University of Skills. The present study was formed using the grounded theory method and interviews. The statistical population includes experts and teachers working at the National University of Skills. Using the snowball technique, 19 people were selected as experts. The results of the interview coding were categorized into six categories: causal conditions, intervening conditions, drivers, pivotal conditions, context, and consequences. Causal conditions include changing teaching methods, student-teacher relationships, teamwork, career growth orientation, change management, effective management, technology characteristics, university policies, and teachers’ needs. Intervening conditions include teaching ability and lesson strategies. The action strategy includes professional competence, competence in skills, teaching knowledge, knowledge and awareness, professional ethics, professional knowledge, strategic thinking, effective leadership, and personal effectiveness. The context and background include teaching competence and expertise. The outcomes include creativity and innovation, technical skill, specialized knowledge, professional competence, teacher performance, teaching competence, effective teaching, competence management, and professional credibility. Competence promotion teacher professional competence National University of Skills data foundation https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237094_13351295b17ac8677d466abfea6038f2.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Identifying and prioritizing factors affecting the development of employability skills of university graduates Identifying and prioritizing factors affecting the development of employability skills of university graduates 237079 10.48301/kssa.2025.426756.2770 FA Morteza Farang Faculty of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-5567-557X Journal Article 2023 12 05 The general purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize factors affecting the development of employability skills of graduates from the perspective of faculty members, employers and experts in the field of employment for a bachelor's degree in behavioral sciences courses. The current research is a qualitative research. Participants in this study are faculty members, employers and employment experts. 15 faculty members and 12 employers were selected as a sample by purposive method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The content validity of the interviews was reviewed by 5 higher education experts and was used after confirmation. The obtained data from this study were analyzed by the Thematic analysis method. The analysis of the first interview began with open coding and finally reached theoretical saturation in interview 27. The findings indicate that A total of 84 themes related to the factors affecting the development of employability skills were obtained from these interviews. Finally, in 18 sub-factors including: individual characteristics, learning conditions, family characteristics, new training methods, formal training courses, university cultural institutions, counseling and guidance, curriculum, university facilities, university executive capacities, experienced professors, Postgraduate programs, exchange of experiences, professor-graduate relationship, international exchanges, university-industry relationship, technology, socio-cultural conditions And 3 main factors in the form of "individual factors", "organizational factors" and "extra-organizational factors" were classified. It is worth mentioning that in this research, the component of communication between university and industry was recognized as the first and most important effective factor in the development of employability skills. The general purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize factors affecting the development of employability skills of graduates from the perspective of faculty members, employers and experts in the field of employment for a bachelor's degree in behavioral sciences courses. The current research is a qualitative research. Participants in this study are faculty members, employers and employment experts. 15 faculty members and 12 employers were selected as a sample by purposive method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The content validity of the interviews was reviewed by 5 higher education experts and was used after confirmation. The obtained data from this study were analyzed by the Thematic analysis method. The analysis of the first interview began with open coding and finally reached theoretical saturation in interview 27. The findings indicate that A total of 84 themes related to the factors affecting the development of employability skills were obtained from these interviews. Finally, in 18 sub-factors including: individual characteristics, learning conditions, family characteristics, new training methods, formal training courses, university cultural institutions, counseling and guidance, curriculum, university facilities, university executive capacities, experienced professors, Postgraduate programs, exchange of experiences, professor-graduate relationship, international exchanges, university-industry relationship, technology, socio-cultural conditions And 3 main factors in the form of "individual factors", "organizational factors" and "extra-organizational factors" were classified. It is worth mentioning that in this research, the component of communication between university and industry was recognized as the first and most important effective factor in the development of employability skills. Employability Graduates Bachelor Behavioral Sciences https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237079_6c280f0391bd5641386e92f35d503d4b.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Modeling competence development on sustainable entrepreneurial intention with the mediation of students' entrepreneurial orientation Modeling competence development on sustainable entrepreneurial intention with the mediation of students' entrepreneurial orientation 237084 10.48301/kssa.2025.461101.2923 FA Roya Motesadi MA student in educational administration, Department of educational Science, University of sistan and baluchestan, zahedan, Iran. 0009-0009-3019-5922 Kamran Bagherimajd Department of educational Science, Faculty of education and psychology, University of sistan and baluchestan, zahedan, Iran. 0000-0002-0274-2994 Journal Article 2024 06 20 Market and social developments are influenced by sustainable entrepreneurship and universities are constructive in creating sustainable entrepreneurship for social and economic development by developing competencies. The purpose of this article is to investigate the modeling of competence development on sustainable entrepreneurial intention with the mediation of students' entrepreneurial orientation. The present study was a correlational study, and its research population was the graduate students of Sistan and Baluchistan University in 2023, and the number of samples was selected according to stratified random sampling of 293 people. The research tool included three questionnaires: sustainable entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial competency development, and entrepreneurial orientation, and the validity and reliability of all three tools were reported according to appropriate analysis. The analysis method was according to Lisrel 10 software and structural equation modeling. The finding showed that the development of entrepreneurial competence was directly indirectly effective on the formation of sustainable entrepreneurial intention. On the other hand, competency development had a direct effect on entrepreneurial orientation. Also, entrepreneurial orientation was effective on the formation of sustainable entrepreneurial intention. It can be said in result that the social and environmental sustainability of entrepreneurship are influenced by the development of competencies. and the development of entrepreneurial competence has a constructive role on creativity, innovation, activeness and risk-taking. and the improvement of entrepreneurial orientation of students is influenced by the increase of entrepreneurial competences. Market and social developments are influenced by sustainable entrepreneurship and universities are constructive in creating sustainable entrepreneurship for social and economic development by developing competencies. The purpose of this article is to investigate the modeling of competence development on sustainable entrepreneurial intention with the mediation of students' entrepreneurial orientation. The present study was a correlational study, and its research population was the graduate students of Sistan and Baluchistan University in 2023, and the number of samples was selected according to stratified random sampling of 293 people. The research tool included three questionnaires: sustainable entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial competency development, and entrepreneurial orientation, and the validity and reliability of all three tools were reported according to appropriate analysis. The analysis method was according to Lisrel 10 software and structural equation modeling. The finding showed that the development of entrepreneurial competence was directly indirectly effective on the formation of sustainable entrepreneurial intention. On the other hand, competency development had a direct effect on entrepreneurial orientation. Also, entrepreneurial orientation was effective on the formation of sustainable entrepreneurial intention. It can be said in result that the social and environmental sustainability of entrepreneurship are influenced by the development of competencies. and the development of entrepreneurial competence has a constructive role on creativity, innovation, activeness and risk-taking. and the improvement of entrepreneurial orientation of students is influenced by the increase of entrepreneurial competences. Development of entrepreneurial competence Entrepreneurial Orientation sustainable entrepreneurial intention Higher education Student https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237084_7394e9b896b8dc67d7c73f09b1379cfd.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Comparison the role of university education in entrepreneurship, self-efficacy and Factors driving employment of graduates of skill-oriented universities and knowledge-oriented universities Comparison the role of university education in entrepreneurship, self-efficacy and Factors driving employment of graduates of skill-oriented universities and knowledge-oriented universities 237081 10.48301/kssa.2025.455597.2897 FA Fّoad Majidi M.A in Educational Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. 0009-0001-1864-2488 Yahya Maroofi Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. 0000-0002-3034-0386 Anvar Dastbaz Assistant Professor Department of Counseling, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran 0000-0002-7402-5820 Journal Article 2024 05 14 The aim of the present study was to compare the role of university education in promoting entrepreneurship, self-efficacy, and Factors driving employment of a skill-oriented university with those of a knowledge-oriented university. The tech-nical and vocational university and Kurdistan University were selected as representatives of the skill-oriented and knowledge-oriented institutions, respectively. The research design was quantitative and causal-comparative. The statisti-cal population consisted of all graduates from 2016 to 2021 (Electrical and Computer Department) of both universities, totaling 1043 individuals, from which 281 participants were selected using stratified random sampling method and Karjesi and Morgan's table. Research tools included questionnaires on entrepreneurial spirit, general self-efficacy, and factors promoting employment. Multivariate analysis of variance was employed for data analysis. The results revealed no signifi-cant difference in entrepreneurship scores and its components between the two groups. However, progress motivation scores were higher among graduates of the technical and vocational university. Additionally, significant differences were observed in self-efficacy scores and educational/occupational components between the two groups. Graduates from the technical and vocational university exhibited higher overall self-efficacy and educational/occupational components. Nevertheless, no significant difference was found in social self-efficacy. Furthermore, significant differences were noted in employment creation scores and its components between the two groups, with graduates from the technical and vocational university showing higher levels. These findings indicate the significant role of education in skill-oriented universities in enhancing self-efficacy and job creation among graduates. The aim of the present study was to compare the role of university education in promoting entrepreneurship, self-efficacy, and Factors driving employment of a skill-oriented university with those of a knowledge-oriented university. The tech-nical and vocational university and Kurdistan University were selected as representatives of the skill-oriented and knowledge-oriented institutions, respectively. The research design was quantitative and causal-comparative. The statisti-cal population consisted of all graduates from 2016 to 2021 (Electrical and Computer Department) of both universities, totaling 1043 individuals, from which 281 participants were selected using stratified random sampling method and Karjesi and Morgan's table. Research tools included questionnaires on entrepreneurial spirit, general self-efficacy, and factors promoting employment. Multivariate analysis of variance was employed for data analysis. The results revealed no signifi-cant difference in entrepreneurship scores and its components between the two groups. However, progress motivation scores were higher among graduates of the technical and vocational university. Additionally, significant differences were observed in self-efficacy scores and educational/occupational components between the two groups. Graduates from the technical and vocational university exhibited higher overall self-efficacy and educational/occupational components. Nevertheless, no significant difference was found in social self-efficacy. Furthermore, significant differences were noted in employment creation scores and its components between the two groups, with graduates from the technical and vocational university showing higher levels. These findings indicate the significant role of education in skill-oriented universities in enhancing self-efficacy and job creation among graduates. University Education," Entrepreneurship" self-efficacy" Employment Generation" " Technical and Vocational University" https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237081_f57199139ed6b8a1b7c97ea9009ae1c8.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 A Model of Entrepreneurial School in Technical and Vocational Education: The Work-Based Learning Approach A Model of Entrepreneurial School in Technical and Vocational Education: The Work-Based Learning Approach 243115 10.48301/kssa.2026.556219.3337 FA Behzad Mohammadian Assistant Professor, Department of Management, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-2157-5113 Behzad Mohammadian Professor, Department of Management, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-2157-5113 Amir Hosein Bakhtiari Msc of Education Administration, Department of Management, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-2157-5113 Journal Article 2025 11 23 In entrepreneurial schools, students are guided toward innovative and practical ideas, and their skills, attitudes, and creative thinking are cultivated to enable them to transform ideas into action. These schools, through the active participation of teachers, administrators, students, and industry partners, create a dynamic and value-driven learning environment that goes beyond traditional educational models. The purpose of this study is to present a model of the Entrepreneurial School based on a work-based learning approach—one that leverages the existing capacities of schools, particularly technical and vocational schools, to strengthen practical entrepreneurship education and address the employability challenges of graduates.<br><br>Methodologically, the study is applied in purpose and combines both library and field research methods. Field data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a community of entrepreneurship experts (university faculty members), industry professionals, and education specialists (including administrators, teachers, and vocational instructors). The interview questions were developed according to the main and sub-objectives of the study.<br><br>The findings revealed that the entrepreneurial school model with a work-based learning approach consists of two main dimensions, three sub-dimensions, and forty-one indicators. The results emphasize the necessity of coordination among all stakeholders to implement practical entrepreneurship education and to revise school curricula in alignment with the requirements of the modern business environment. In entrepreneurial schools, students are guided toward innovative and practical ideas, and their skills, attitudes, and creative thinking are cultivated to enable them to transform ideas into action. These schools, through the active participation of teachers, administrators, students, and industry partners, create a dynamic and value-driven learning environment that goes beyond traditional educational models. The purpose of this study is to present a model of the Entrepreneurial School based on a work-based learning approach—one that leverages the existing capacities of schools, particularly technical and vocational schools, to strengthen practical entrepreneurship education and address the employability challenges of graduates.<br><br>Methodologically, the study is applied in purpose and combines both library and field research methods. Field data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a community of entrepreneurship experts (university faculty members), industry professionals, and education specialists (including administrators, teachers, and vocational instructors). The interview questions were developed according to the main and sub-objectives of the study.<br><br>The findings revealed that the entrepreneurial school model with a work-based learning approach consists of two main dimensions, three sub-dimensions, and forty-one indicators. The results emphasize the necessity of coordination among all stakeholders to implement practical entrepreneurship education and to revise school curricula in alignment with the requirements of the modern business environment. Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurial Schools Entrepreneurial Education Entrepreneurial Learning Work-based Learning https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243115_8e329312be48f793c2f74742d74b6d3c.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 The Impact of Ambidextrous Dynamic Capabilities on Product Innovation and Social Value Creation in Social Entrepreneurship The Impact of Ambidextrous Dynamic Capabilities on Product Innovation and Social Value Creation in Social Entrepreneurship 247211 10.48301/kssa.2025.510205.3162 FA Soheila Khoddami Associate Professor ,Faculty of Management, Kharazmi University,Tehran,, Iran 0000-0001-6461-1351 Bahareh Osanlou Associate Professor, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2012-4484 Mahsa Afsharpour MSc of Business Administration, Faculty of Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0001-5582-9081 Farnaz Ebrahimi Darian MSc of Business Administration, Faculty of Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0001-7143-5883 Journal Article 2025 03 16 Social entrepreneurship has emerged as an innovative approach to address social and environmental challenges by creating social value. However, few studies have explored the mechanisms of social value creation, particularly the simultaneous role of exploratory and exploitative dynamic capabilities in driving product innovation. This study aims to investigate the impact of exploratory and exploitative dynamic capabilities on product innovation and social value creation in the social entrepreneurship process. The research is applied and descriptive-survey in nature, targeting startups and innovative units in Iran. Field data were collected during November, December, and January 2022-2023. The sample size was estimated at 203 units using the Klein formula. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software were employed for data analysis. The findings indicate that social entrepreneurship significantly and positively affects exploratory and exploitative capabilities and product innovation. Additionally, exploratory capabilities positively influence exploitative capabilities and product innovation, while exploitative capabilities positively impact product innovation and social value creation. Product innovation, in turn, effectively contributes to social value creation. The results highlight the pivotal role of startups and innovative units in enhancing innovation and leveraging entrepreneurial opportunities. Social entrepreneurship has emerged as an innovative approach to address social and environmental challenges by creating social value. However, few studies have explored the mechanisms of social value creation, particularly the simultaneous role of exploratory and exploitative dynamic capabilities in driving product innovation. This study aims to investigate the impact of exploratory and exploitative dynamic capabilities on product innovation and social value creation in the social entrepreneurship process. The research is applied and descriptive-survey in nature, targeting startups and innovative units in Iran. Field data were collected during November, December, and January 2022-2023. The sample size was estimated at 203 units using the Klein formula. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software were employed for data analysis. The findings indicate that social entrepreneurship significantly and positively affects exploratory and exploitative capabilities and product innovation. Additionally, exploratory capabilities positively influence exploitative capabilities and product innovation, while exploitative capabilities positively impact product innovation and social value creation. Product innovation, in turn, effectively contributes to social value creation. The results highlight the pivotal role of startups and innovative units in enhancing innovation and leveraging entrepreneurial opportunities. Exploratory capability Exploitative capability product innovation Social entrepreneurship Social Value Creation https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247211_5c51b7f19c06bfc338331821423d50cd.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Designing a Conceptual Model of Driving Factors in the Branding Process of Non-Profit Schools in Iran Designing a Conceptual Model of Driving Factors in the Branding Process of Non-Profit Schools in Iran 243113 10.48301/kssa.2026.560141.3358 FA Fatemeh Fatemeh Shakermian . M.A in Educational Management, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran. 0009-0006-9864-8690 Mohsen Nazarzadeh Zare Associate Professor, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran 0000-0002-6232-1761 Seyed Mehdi Mirmehdi Associate Professor, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran 0000-0002-2852-1575 Journal Article 2025 12 04 This study aimed to design a conceptual model of driving factors in the branding process of non-profit schools in Iran. To achieve this purpose, a qualitative approach was employed through a two-phase process. In the first step, using the method of theoretical synthesis, publications from 2010 to 2025 were identified, reviewed, and analyzed, ultimately leading to the extraction of an initial conceptual model. In the second step, to enrich, complete, and validate the initial model, a qualitative survey method was utilized. The data collection tool in this phase consisted of semi-structured interviews conducted with 13 experts. These individuals were selected through purposive sampling of maximum diversity. Finally, combining the findings from the two meta-synthesis steps and the qualitative survey led to a final conceptual model. This model provides an overview of the key factors in the branding process of Iranian non-profit schools. It consists of four main categories: perceptual factors, structural factors, process factors, and environmental factors. Compared to the initial model from the meta-synthesis, the qualitative survey findings introduced two new dimensions: process factors and environmental factors. These reflect the views of non-profit school stakeholders. In summary, the conceptual model can serve as a practical tool for developing strategies to attract, retain, and improve the reputation of non-profit schools. It’s important to note that none of the driving factors in this model can create a strong brand on their own. Successful branding requires a coordinated approach based on a clear understanding of stakeholders. This study aimed to design a conceptual model of driving factors in the branding process of non-profit schools in Iran. To achieve this purpose, a qualitative approach was employed through a two-phase process. In the first step, using the method of theoretical synthesis, publications from 2010 to 2025 were identified, reviewed, and analyzed, ultimately leading to the extraction of an initial conceptual model. In the second step, to enrich, complete, and validate the initial model, a qualitative survey method was utilized. The data collection tool in this phase consisted of semi-structured interviews conducted with 13 experts. These individuals were selected through purposive sampling of maximum diversity. Finally, combining the findings from the two meta-synthesis steps and the qualitative survey led to a final conceptual model. This model provides an overview of the key factors in the branding process of Iranian non-profit schools. It consists of four main categories: perceptual factors, structural factors, process factors, and environmental factors. Compared to the initial model from the meta-synthesis, the qualitative survey findings introduced two new dimensions: process factors and environmental factors. These reflect the views of non-profit school stakeholders. In summary, the conceptual model can serve as a practical tool for developing strategies to attract, retain, and improve the reputation of non-profit schools. It’s important to note that none of the driving factors in this model can create a strong brand on their own. Successful branding requires a coordinated approach based on a clear understanding of stakeholders. non-profit schools educational branding Conceptual model Driving Factors qualitative approach https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243113_d5cad47c94727a4c525129559ae89d17.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Identifying and ranking the most important indicators of work culture in Kermanshah province and providing suitable solutions to improve it using the Delphi method Identifying and ranking the most important indicators of work culture in Kermanshah province and providing suitable solutions to improve it using the Delphi method 247103 10.48301/kssa.2024.430792.2790 FA Shirin Armand PhD Student in Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-7294-1761 SHahin Behvar Phd in Entrepreneurship , Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0003-4133-478X Ayoub Pazhouhan Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-7567-1648 Journal Article 2024 01 23 the current study was conducted with the aim of identifying and ranking the most important indicators of work culture in Kermanshah province. The research is applied in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of method. The research is applied in terms of purpose and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of method. Delphi method was used in the qualitative part and Friedman test was used in the quantitative part. The studied community was formed by 22 business and entrepreneurship experts as well as university professors in the departments of management and entrepreneurship, economics, sociology and history. These people were selected as members of the expert panel using the purposeful sampling method. The data collection tool was interviews in the qualitative part and questionnaires in the quantitative part. In the qualitative part, the Delphi method was used to achieve consensus in identifying the most important indicators of work culture in the province. In the quantitative section, Friedman's test was used to determine the priority of indicators. In the qualitative part, based on the findings of the research, 52 concepts and 20 indicators were identified as cultural indicators of work. In the quantitative part, according to the results of Friedman's test, the indices of "materialistic attitude towards work", "emptying one's shoulders and running away from work" and "indifference and indifference to work and its results" respectively with the average 55/04, 51/19, and 49/04 took the first to third priorities among the calculated indicators. the current study was conducted with the aim of identifying and ranking the most important indicators of work culture in Kermanshah province. The research is applied in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of method. The research is applied in terms of purpose and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of method. Delphi method was used in the qualitative part and Friedman test was used in the quantitative part. The studied community was formed by 22 business and entrepreneurship experts as well as university professors in the departments of management and entrepreneurship, economics, sociology and history. These people were selected as members of the expert panel using the purposeful sampling method. The data collection tool was interviews in the qualitative part and questionnaires in the quantitative part. In the qualitative part, the Delphi method was used to achieve consensus in identifying the most important indicators of work culture in the province. In the quantitative section, Friedman's test was used to determine the priority of indicators. In the qualitative part, based on the findings of the research, 52 concepts and 20 indicators were identified as cultural indicators of work. In the quantitative part, according to the results of Friedman's test, the indices of "materialistic attitude towards work", "emptying one's shoulders and running away from work" and "indifference and indifference to work and its results" respectively with the average 55/04, 51/19, and 49/04 took the first to third priorities among the calculated indicators. Work Culture unemployment employment Kermanshah province https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247103_f9856ecd215642c46ec691fc95fe210f.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Providing a Framework of Technological Entrepreneurship Development Skills Providing a Framework of Technological Entrepreneurship Development Skills 247224 10.48301/kssa.2024.470591.2958 FA Vajihe Baghersad Department of Management, Technical and Vocational University(TVU), Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8134-8855 Hossein Rahimi Asiabaraki Department of Mechanical Engineering , Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-2851-8413 Journal Article 2024 07 31 The review of the research literature showed that there is no comprehensive and integrated framework for identifying technological entrepreneurship development skills. This research was done to provide a framework for technological entrepreneurship skills. To achieve this goal, by comparing the combinations of related journal articles in Web of Science and Google Scholar in the years 2000 to 2023 through the use of the meta-combination method, the main question of the research was answered, "What is the framework of technological entrepreneurship development skills?". The main findings of this research include four dimensions of contextual skills, organizational skills, technical skills, and entrepreneurial skills; which is useful for various stakeholders including entrepreneurs, educators, policymakers and researchers. By identifying and analyzing the key skills necessary to develop successful technology entrepreneurship, this research provides valuable insights that can guide efforts to boost innovation and economic growth. Policymakers should pay attention to the development of contextual skills, which include strengthening basic and general abilities such as navigating legal and regulatory challenges, developing social responsibility, and networking in the ecosystem. Also, it is necessary to develop organizational skills such as agile organizational design, team building, technology leadership, technology strategy formulation, technical project management, organizational change management, financial management, knowledge management, and business model innovation. Facilitation of technical skills including artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, Internet of Things, software development, and data analysis is essential. Policymakers should design programs to enhance entrepreneurial skills such as creativity, opportunity identification, creative problem solving, risk management, strategic thinking, intellectual property, The review of the research literature showed that there is no comprehensive and integrated framework for identifying technological entrepreneurship development skills. This research was done to provide a framework for technological entrepreneurship skills. To achieve this goal, by comparing the combinations of related journal articles in Web of Science and Google Scholar in the years 2000 to 2023 through the use of the meta-combination method, the main question of the research was answered, "What is the framework of technological entrepreneurship development skills?". The main findings of this research include four dimensions of contextual skills, organizational skills, technical skills, and entrepreneurial skills; which is useful for various stakeholders including entrepreneurs, educators, policymakers and researchers. By identifying and analyzing the key skills necessary to develop successful technology entrepreneurship, this research provides valuable insights that can guide efforts to boost innovation and economic growth. Policymakers should pay attention to the development of contextual skills, which include strengthening basic and general abilities such as navigating legal and regulatory challenges, developing social responsibility, and networking in the ecosystem. Also, it is necessary to develop organizational skills such as agile organizational design, team building, technology leadership, technology strategy formulation, technical project management, organizational change management, financial management, knowledge management, and business model innovation. Facilitation of technical skills including artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, Internet of Things, software development, and data analysis is essential. Policymakers should design programs to enhance entrepreneurial skills such as creativity, opportunity identification, creative problem solving, risk management, strategic thinking, intellectual property, Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurial skill Technological entrepreneurial skill Meta-Synthesis https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247224_8cd3eac337bbfce488940145cc1de9b4.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Intelligent classification of polynomial curves with parametric coefficients Intelligent classification of polynomial curves with parametric coefficients 237088 10.48301/kssa.2024.480774.3007 FA Mahdi Dehghani Darmian Department of Mathematics, National University of Skills (NUS), Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2858-3845 Journal Article 2024 09 28 This article explores parametric curves defined by polynomials with parametric coefficients. We introduce an automated classification method that utilizes computational algebra techniques and singular variety theory, focusing on various parameters and their singular points—where the derivative is zero or undefined. These singular points are crucial for identifying key curve features. In 2010, Dehghani classified cubic curves using the Montes DISPGB algorithm; in this paper, we apply the Dehghani GESGVWCGS algorithm to classify all families of parametric polynomial curves, including cubic ones. Our results extend previous research, enabling more complex analyses of higher-dimensional varieties and displaying parametric constraints more easily and structurally. We believe that integrating computational tools with singular variety theory will enhance the theory and applications of parametric curve studies in fields like computer graphics and architectural design. This method streamlines curve analysis and improves applicability. All computations are conducted using Maple 18, and the methodology is demonstrated with two families of polynomial curves featuring parametric coefficients. This article explores parametric curves defined by polynomials with parametric coefficients. We introduce an automated classification method that utilizes computational algebra techniques and singular variety theory, focusing on various parameters and their singular points—where the derivative is zero or undefined. These singular points are crucial for identifying key curve features. In 2010, Dehghani classified cubic curves using the Montes DISPGB algorithm; in this paper, we apply the Dehghani GESGVWCGS algorithm to classify all families of parametric polynomial curves, including cubic ones. Our results extend previous research, enabling more complex analyses of higher-dimensional varieties and displaying parametric constraints more easily and structurally. We believe that integrating computational tools with singular variety theory will enhance the theory and applications of parametric curve studies in fields like computer graphics and architectural design. This method streamlines curve analysis and improves applicability. All computations are conducted using Maple 18, and the methodology is demonstrated with two families of polynomial curves featuring parametric coefficients. Singular points Gröbner Bases Gröbner system Parametric polynomial curves maple GESGVWCGS algorithm https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237088_12f3d03eb57b7b2b47fdfd9273fd5ca2.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Investigating the impact of social responsibility dimensions on employee performance (Case study: Ahvaz Boys' National Skills Training Center) Investigating the impact of social responsibility dimensions on employee performance (Case study: Ahvaz Boys' National Skills Training Center) 247721 10.48301/kssa.2025.512615.3176 FA SEYED MOGHADDAS NEJADHOSSEINI Master's degree graduate, National University of Skills, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0003-2023-3434 Farzaneh Fatahi PhD student, National University of Skills, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0005-7769-077X Reza Soltani Nasab Master's degree graduate, National University of Skills, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0008-9160-9247 Journal Article 2025 03 16 Organizations and companies, like real persons who are members of society, have a responsibility to their surrounding environment and, in addition to improving their economic and social performance, can also contribute to improving the standards of social life of the people in the society. Based on this, the present article was conducted to investigate and evaluate the impact of social responsibility on the performance of employees in the context of organizational tasks in the National Skills Training Institute for Boys in Ahvaz; due to the different nature of its training and skill missions. Accordingly, the research method was selected as a descriptive survey type, and a questionnaire based on targeted questions and an open part was used to collect data. Of course, it was approved both in terms of face validity (alpha coefficient greater than 0.6) and reliability (from the perspective of the relevant university professors). The analysis of the research data was also applied in AMOS and SPSS software. The statistical population of this study was the employees and professors of the above training institute (125 people). The findings indicate that in analyzing the dimensions of social responsibility; Economic, ethical parameters, voluntary activities, and ultimately compliance with regulations and legal standards are effective drivers for continuing responsibility in the area under consideration and have a significant positive impact on employee performance. Therefore, it is recommended to encourage employees to take responsibility through a variety of programs to create a basis for enhancing organizational commitment and thus improve organizational performance. Organizations and companies, like real persons who are members of society, have a responsibility to their surrounding environment and, in addition to improving their economic and social performance, can also contribute to improving the standards of social life of the people in the society. Based on this, the present article was conducted to investigate and evaluate the impact of social responsibility on the performance of employees in the context of organizational tasks in the National Skills Training Institute for Boys in Ahvaz; due to the different nature of its training and skill missions. Accordingly, the research method was selected as a descriptive survey type, and a questionnaire based on targeted questions and an open part was used to collect data. Of course, it was approved both in terms of face validity (alpha coefficient greater than 0.6) and reliability (from the perspective of the relevant university professors). The analysis of the research data was also applied in AMOS and SPSS software. The statistical population of this study was the employees and professors of the above training institute (125 people). The findings indicate that in analyzing the dimensions of social responsibility; Economic, ethical parameters, voluntary activities, and ultimately compliance with regulations and legal standards are effective drivers for continuing responsibility in the area under consideration and have a significant positive impact on employee performance. Therefore, it is recommended to encourage employees to take responsibility through a variety of programs to create a basis for enhancing organizational commitment and thus improve organizational performance. National University of Skills organizational commitment Job Satisfaction Responsibility https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247721_f6cb3527bd5adbb03d18586e61b07169.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Identifying and prioritizing factors affecting the success of e-learning in educational businesses with the BWM approach Identifying and prioritizing factors affecting the success of e-learning in educational businesses with the BWM approach 247984 10.48301/kssa.2025.546422.3307 FA Majid Zarei Department of Management, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran 0009-0000-0943-7995 Rasool Shafieyoun Department of Management, Mobarakeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-2507-6031 Seid Mohammad Reza Mirahmadi Department of Management, Dolatabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-7738-1118 Journal Article 2025 09 15 Online education, or e-learning, has expanded rapidly in recent years and has attracted much attention from traditional teaching and learning methods. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the factors affecting the success of e-learning in educational businesses. The research method was a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) research method based on multi-criteria decision-making and using the ((best-worst fuzzy)) approach. In this regard, using scientific sources including books, articles and expert opinions, data were collected and analyzed in the form of 38 sub-criteria and in the form of six main clusters including causal factors, pivotal phenomenon, contextual factors, intervening factors, strategies and consequences. The final weight of each sub-criteria was calculated using Excel software and matrix modeling in LINGO and then normalized for comparability. Also, the model fit index was evaluated to validate the results. The findings showed that the cluster ((consequences)) has the most impact on the decision-making process, with a share of nearly 45% of the total weight. Among the sub-criteria, ((role of e-learning in educational businesses)) ranked first with a weight of 0.362. The results indicate that the top ten factors cover more than 66% of the importance of the entire decision. This emphasizes the need to focus on a limited number of key factors. Overall, the present study emphasizes the importance of measurable consequences and the need to utilize new technologies, design principled platforms, and use appropriate human resources and methodologies for the success of educational businesses in electronic environments. Online education, or e-learning, has expanded rapidly in recent years and has attracted much attention from traditional teaching and learning methods. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the factors affecting the success of e-learning in educational businesses. The research method was a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) research method based on multi-criteria decision-making and using the ((best-worst fuzzy)) approach. In this regard, using scientific sources including books, articles and expert opinions, data were collected and analyzed in the form of 38 sub-criteria and in the form of six main clusters including causal factors, pivotal phenomenon, contextual factors, intervening factors, strategies and consequences. The final weight of each sub-criteria was calculated using Excel software and matrix modeling in LINGO and then normalized for comparability. Also, the model fit index was evaluated to validate the results. The findings showed that the cluster ((consequences)) has the most impact on the decision-making process, with a share of nearly 45% of the total weight. Among the sub-criteria, ((role of e-learning in educational businesses)) ranked first with a weight of 0.362. The results indicate that the top ten factors cover more than 66% of the importance of the entire decision. This emphasizes the need to focus on a limited number of key factors. Overall, the present study emphasizes the importance of measurable consequences and the need to utilize new technologies, design principled platforms, and use appropriate human resources and methodologies for the success of educational businesses in electronic environments. E-learning Educational Business best-worst method Lingo Software https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_247984_c953f5e4ad9bd17c3036d7a41f73363c.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Scientific Mapping of the Growth of Small and Medium-Sized Industrial Enterprises in Iran's Industrial Parks: A Scientometric Study Scientific Mapping of the Growth of Small and Medium-Sized Industrial Enterprises in Iran's Industrial Parks: A Scientometric Study 239427 10.48301/kssa.2026.511626.3168 FA Ali Mohebbi Amirhoseini PhD, Department of Business Creation, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0002-5641-5048 Reza Mohammad Kazemi Professor of the Department of Business Creation, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-5442-7857 Kambiz Talebi Professor, Department of Business Creation, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-2448-6581 Journal Article 2025 04 22 A b s t r a c t <br><br><br><br>The study of industry has long attracted significant attention. The importance of industry is evident, as its role in a nation's economy, society, welfare, and international relations is undeniable. Therefore, countries strive to geographically concentrate various industries, a strategy that is also evident in Iran through the establishment of industrial parks. Accordingly, the present study aims to provide a scientific mapping of research conducted on the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in Iran’s industrial parks. This research employs scientometric methods, utilizing bibliometric analysis. A total of 560 articles were extracted from the Web of Science database, and their components were analyzed using VOSviewer software to construct a network and explore their interconnections. The findings identified 14 main research clusters. The results indicate that the majority of studies in this field have been conducted in China, the United States, and India. However, there are very few studies published by Middle Eastern universities, particularly those in Iran. One possible reason for this could be that many studies in this domain are published in domestic and Persian-language databases. Additionally, in the red cluster, which represents the most significant research network, the key factor identified is joint investment and financial support for SMEs. A b s t r a c t <br><br><br><br>The study of industry has long attracted significant attention. The importance of industry is evident, as its role in a nation's economy, society, welfare, and international relations is undeniable. Therefore, countries strive to geographically concentrate various industries, a strategy that is also evident in Iran through the establishment of industrial parks. Accordingly, the present study aims to provide a scientific mapping of research conducted on the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in Iran’s industrial parks. This research employs scientometric methods, utilizing bibliometric analysis. A total of 560 articles were extracted from the Web of Science database, and their components were analyzed using VOSviewer software to construct a network and explore their interconnections. The findings identified 14 main research clusters. The results indicate that the majority of studies in this field have been conducted in China, the United States, and India. However, there are very few studies published by Middle Eastern universities, particularly those in Iran. One possible reason for this could be that many studies in this domain are published in domestic and Persian-language databases. Additionally, in the red cluster, which represents the most significant research network, the key factor identified is joint investment and financial support for SMEs. Keywords: Growth Business Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Industrial Parks Iran Bibliometric analysis https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_239427_69cbc0c87a0a5dcf702d7b3638e59dd1.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Examining the Effect of the Fraud Hexagon Dimensions on Financial Corruption and the Moderating Role of the Big Five Neo Personality Traits Examining the Effect of the Fraud Hexagon Dimensions on Financial Corruption and the Moderating Role of the Big Five Neo Personality Traits 243529 10.48301/kssa.2026.568087.3392 FA Elham Ithnaashari Department of Accounting, Ra.C., Islamic Azad University , Rasht, Iran 0009-0002-2577-0717 Soghra Barari Nokashti Department of Accounting, Ra.C., Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran (Responsible author) 0000-0001-6016-6940 Kaihan Azadi Heer Department of Accounting, Ra.C., Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran 0009-0008-5741-8033 Journal Article 2025 12 23 Employee financial corruption is one of the most significant challenges facing Iran’s administrative system, imposing substantial economic costs and undermining public trust in the government. This study aims to examine the impact of the extended Hexagon Fraud Theory dimensions (motivation, opportunity, rationalization, capability, arrogance, and collusion) on employee financial corruption, as well as to investigate the moderating role of the Big Five personality traits of the NEO model (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness). The research is applied in purpose and descriptive in data-collection method, and the required data for testing the hypotheses were collected through a structured questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of employees working in the public sector, among whom384 questionnaires were distributed and collected. The reliability and validity of the instruments were examined and confirmed. The research hypotheses were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with Smart PLS software. The findings revealed that all six dimensions of the Hexagon Fraud Theory have a positive and significant effect on financial corruption. Moreover, the personality traits of conscientiousness and agreeableness demonstrated significant strengthening moderating effects, while neuroticism showed a significant weakening effect. The results indicate that the Hexagon Fraud Theory is an effective framework for explaining financial corruption among Iranian public-sector employees and can serve as a valuable foundation for policymaking in corruption prevention, high-risk employee screening, and anti-corruption training programs. Employee financial corruption is one of the most significant challenges facing Iran’s administrative system, imposing substantial economic costs and undermining public trust in the government. This study aims to examine the impact of the extended Hexagon Fraud Theory dimensions (motivation, opportunity, rationalization, capability, arrogance, and collusion) on employee financial corruption, as well as to investigate the moderating role of the Big Five personality traits of the NEO model (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness). The research is applied in purpose and descriptive in data-collection method, and the required data for testing the hypotheses were collected through a structured questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of employees working in the public sector, among whom384 questionnaires were distributed and collected. The reliability and validity of the instruments were examined and confirmed. The research hypotheses were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with Smart PLS software. The findings revealed that all six dimensions of the Hexagon Fraud Theory have a positive and significant effect on financial corruption. Moreover, the personality traits of conscientiousness and agreeableness demonstrated significant strengthening moderating effects, while neuroticism showed a significant weakening effect. The results indicate that the Hexagon Fraud Theory is an effective framework for explaining financial corruption among Iranian public-sector employees and can serve as a valuable foundation for policymaking in corruption prevention, high-risk employee screening, and anti-corruption training programs. Fraud Pentagon Fraud Hexagon NEO Personality Traits Financial Corruption https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_243529_1fc62c8b737a77f743d89bbf4214b1a0.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Identification of Drivers Affecting the Future of Sports Entrepreneurship in Iran Identification of Drivers Affecting the Future of Sports Entrepreneurship in Iran 240670 10.48301/kssa.2026.559679.3354 FA Sahar Amiri Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities Science, University of Kordestan, Sanandaj, Iran 0009-0000-6260-9506 Behzad Ezadi Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities and Science, University of Kordestan, Sanandaj, Iran. 0000-0002-1881-6185 Journal Article 2025 11 14 Objective: This study examines sports entrepreneurship and its future in Iran, focusing on key barriers, challenges, and driving forces affecting its development. By analyzing major variables, the study identifies the most important challenges and drivers shaping sports entrepreneurship.<br><br>Method: A mixed‑methods approach was used. In the first phase, qualitative data were collected through purposive sampling and in‑depth interviews with sports entrepreneurship experts, including professors, researchers, and leading entrepreneurs in the sports sector. Content analysis was applied to identify recurring themes and patterns and to gain deeper insight into existing issues and challenges. In the second phase, the Delphi technique was conducted through several rounds to identify 20 main drivers. Experts evaluated the influence and dependence of these drivers within a matrix framework, and the data were analyzed using MicMac software to assess direct and indirect effects.<br><br>Results: Based on the analysis of direct and indirect influence scores, six key leverage drivers with the greatest impact on the future of sports entrepreneurship in Iran were identified: (1) government commitment to improving entrepreneurial conditions, (2) development of a macro‑level entrepreneurship strategy, (3) political and security conditions, (4) custodial organizations’ views on the comprehensive functions of sport, (5) stability of policies and procedures governing entrepreneurship mechanisms, and (6) employment of specialized human resources in sports entrepreneurship.<br><br>Conclusion:As these six drivers are largely manageable by governmental institutions, policymakers should prioritize sports entrepreneurship as a national project for job creation and economic growth, shifting it from a marginal issue to a core policy agenda. Objective: This study examines sports entrepreneurship and its future in Iran, focusing on key barriers, challenges, and driving forces affecting its development. By analyzing major variables, the study identifies the most important challenges and drivers shaping sports entrepreneurship.<br><br>Method: A mixed‑methods approach was used. In the first phase, qualitative data were collected through purposive sampling and in‑depth interviews with sports entrepreneurship experts, including professors, researchers, and leading entrepreneurs in the sports sector. Content analysis was applied to identify recurring themes and patterns and to gain deeper insight into existing issues and challenges. In the second phase, the Delphi technique was conducted through several rounds to identify 20 main drivers. Experts evaluated the influence and dependence of these drivers within a matrix framework, and the data were analyzed using MicMac software to assess direct and indirect effects.<br><br>Results: Based on the analysis of direct and indirect influence scores, six key leverage drivers with the greatest impact on the future of sports entrepreneurship in Iran were identified: (1) government commitment to improving entrepreneurial conditions, (2) development of a macro‑level entrepreneurship strategy, (3) political and security conditions, (4) custodial organizations’ views on the comprehensive functions of sport, (5) stability of policies and procedures governing entrepreneurship mechanisms, and (6) employment of specialized human resources in sports entrepreneurship.<br><br>Conclusion:As these six drivers are largely manageable by governmental institutions, policymakers should prioritize sports entrepreneurship as a national project for job creation and economic growth, shifting it from a marginal issue to a core policy agenda. Future Study sustainable development sport Entrepreneurship https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_240670_c4bfce67ad94b057925401918dde7375.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Designing a Framework for the Mascot's Characteristics of the Student Sports Championship Olympiad of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology Designing a Framework for the Mascot's Characteristics of the Student Sports Championship Olympiad of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology 242821 10.48301/kssa.2026.564091.3390 FA Bitaalsadat Mirjalali Master of Sport Management, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0009-0002-5318-4459 Ahmad Mahmoudi Assistant Professor, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-7579-2274 Amin Dehghan Ghahfarokhi Associate Professor, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-8696-0894 Mehdi Rasooli Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Management, Physical Education and Sports Sciences Research Institute, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology 0000-0001-9959-2031 Journal Article 2025 12 29 The study aimed to designe a framework for the mascot's characteristics of the Student Sports Championship Olympiad of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology. This applied, qualitative, and exploratory research employed thematic analysis to identify key characteristics influencing mascot design. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with experts in branding and marketing, managers and staff of the Ministry of Science’s Physical Education Department, former and current heads of the Student Sports Federation and experts in student sports. Purposeful sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in a total of 15 interviews. In data analysis, 278 initial codes were identified and grouped into 22 subcategories, which were further condensed into three main categories: physical characteristics (design and symbol, type of attire, size, human, body shape, plant and animal species, color, and objects), personality traits (loving, heroic, explorer, humorous, popular, wise, creative, innocent, magical, and rebellious), and demographic characteristics (location, age, and gender). The validity and reliability of the data were confirmed through continuous coding checks and test-retest of interviews (reliability = 86%), ensuring the credibility of the findings. The results indicated that an effective mascot design requires integration of physical, personality, and demographic dimensions. This framework provides a practical, culturally contextualized guide for creating a meaningful and identity-building mascot, which can strengthen emotional engagement with the audience and enhance the promotional impact of this national even The study aimed to designe a framework for the mascot's characteristics of the Student Sports Championship Olympiad of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology. This applied, qualitative, and exploratory research employed thematic analysis to identify key characteristics influencing mascot design. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with experts in branding and marketing, managers and staff of the Ministry of Science’s Physical Education Department, former and current heads of the Student Sports Federation and experts in student sports. Purposeful sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in a total of 15 interviews. In data analysis, 278 initial codes were identified and grouped into 22 subcategories, which were further condensed into three main categories: physical characteristics (design and symbol, type of attire, size, human, body shape, plant and animal species, color, and objects), personality traits (loving, heroic, explorer, humorous, popular, wise, creative, innocent, magical, and rebellious), and demographic characteristics (location, age, and gender). The validity and reliability of the data were confirmed through continuous coding checks and test-retest of interviews (reliability = 86%), ensuring the credibility of the findings. The results indicated that an effective mascot design requires integration of physical, personality, and demographic dimensions. This framework provides a practical, culturally contextualized guide for creating a meaningful and identity-building mascot, which can strengthen emotional engagement with the audience and enhance the promotional impact of this national even archetype Branding and Marketing Designing a Framework Mascot Student Sports Olympiad https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_242821_0b38550c442c6901d2042ba298256c42.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Comparison of 8 weeks of low-intensity continuous training with high-intensity interval training on fat-free mass, fat mass , Skeletal muscle index , anaerobic power and oxygen consumption in adolescent amateur soccer players Comparison of 8 weeks of low-intensity continuous training with high-intensity interval training on fat-free mass, fat mass , Skeletal muscle index , anaerobic power and oxygen consumption in adolescent amateur soccer players 237095 10.48301/kssa.2025.498691.3116 FA Isaac Naderyan 1. Faculty Member, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National University of Skills (NUS), Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-9085-504X Mehdi Yazdanpanah Faculty Member, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National University of Skills (NUS), Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-0805-0240 Journal Article 2025 01 22 Objective: The aim of this study was to compare eight weeks of continuous training with interval training on lean mass, fat mass, skeletal muscle index, anaerobic power, and oxygen consumption in adolescent amateur soccer players.<br><br>Research method: This study was a quasi-experimental type. The statistical population of this study was adolescent amateur soccer players in Shiraz. Sampling was done in a multi-stage with 24 people selected. The results were analyzed using SPSS26 software. The significance level is p<0.05.<br><br>Findings: Comparison of the mean variables in continuous training showed that there was no significant difference in lean mass, skeletal muscle index, and anaerobic power; but there was a significant difference in fat mass and oxygen consumption. Comparison of the mean variables in interval training showed that there was a significant difference in lean mass, fat mass, skeletal muscle index, anaerobic power, and oxygen consumption. Post-test comparison between training groups showed that there was no significant difference in lean mass, fat mass, skeletal muscle index, and oxygen consumption between training groups, but there was a significant difference in anaerobic power.<br><br>Discussion and Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that continuous training had no significant effect on lean mass, mean skeletal muscle index, and anaerobic power; but it significantly increased cardiorespiratory endurance capacity and decreased fat mass. Also, interval training had a positive effect on lean mass, skeletal muscle index, fat mass, anaerobic power, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Comparison between training groups showed that only mean anaerobic power had a significant difference. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare eight weeks of continuous training with interval training on lean mass, fat mass, skeletal muscle index, anaerobic power, and oxygen consumption in adolescent amateur soccer players.<br><br>Research method: This study was a quasi-experimental type. The statistical population of this study was adolescent amateur soccer players in Shiraz. Sampling was done in a multi-stage with 24 people selected. The results were analyzed using SPSS26 software. The significance level is p<0.05.<br><br>Findings: Comparison of the mean variables in continuous training showed that there was no significant difference in lean mass, skeletal muscle index, and anaerobic power; but there was a significant difference in fat mass and oxygen consumption. Comparison of the mean variables in interval training showed that there was a significant difference in lean mass, fat mass, skeletal muscle index, anaerobic power, and oxygen consumption. Post-test comparison between training groups showed that there was no significant difference in lean mass, fat mass, skeletal muscle index, and oxygen consumption between training groups, but there was a significant difference in anaerobic power.<br><br>Discussion and Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that continuous training had no significant effect on lean mass, mean skeletal muscle index, and anaerobic power; but it significantly increased cardiorespiratory endurance capacity and decreased fat mass. Also, interval training had a positive effect on lean mass, skeletal muscle index, fat mass, anaerobic power, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Comparison between training groups showed that only mean anaerobic power had a significant difference. oxygen consumption body composition anaerobic power low intensity training high intensity interval training https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237095_fe1f01b4882252bbd1d55fbfec2ddb2a.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 The Effect of Coaching Approach on the Scalability of Startups The Effect of Coaching Approach on the Scalability of Startups 237085 10.48301/kssa.2025.464638.2936 FA Akram Yousefi PhD Candidate , Department of Entrepreneurship , Kish International Campus University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0009-0008-3076-5799 Kambiz Talebi professor , Faculty of Entrepreneurship, university of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-2448-6581 Journal Article 2024 07 18 As the results of the research show,coaching is one of the most widely used development techniques in the business environment at the international level.Also,coaching can be considered as one of the facilitating methods and a method to promote learning and team building as one of the business managers’ task.Since one of the necessary conditions for the start-ups survival is growth and growth capacity, scalability is also considered as one of the tools to help the start-ups growth and survival.Many factors have been proposed regarding the start-ups scalability,but according to statistics and study results,the failure rate of start-ups is significant.Accordingly,the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the key factors affecting the coaching approach and how this approach affects the start-up scalability and growth in order to help the survival and economic growth of these types of businesses.The current study is an applied research in terms of the purpose which is conducted with a quantitative method (using a researcher-made questionnaire).The number of 107 startups active at the last 3 years (2021 to 2023) in Tehran was used in this study and the Partial least squares method using smart PLS3 software were utilized for data analysis.Based on the findings,the coaching approach can help the start-ups scalability and survival. Finally, as the results show,the key and effective factors in the coaching approach (facilitation, questioning and effective communication),due to their direct impact on the human resources factor (team mindset, business model and team leadership), have a significant effect on the start-ups scalability. As the results of the research show,coaching is one of the most widely used development techniques in the business environment at the international level.Also,coaching can be considered as one of the facilitating methods and a method to promote learning and team building as one of the business managers’ task.Since one of the necessary conditions for the start-ups survival is growth and growth capacity, scalability is also considered as one of the tools to help the start-ups growth and survival.Many factors have been proposed regarding the start-ups scalability,but according to statistics and study results,the failure rate of start-ups is significant.Accordingly,the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the key factors affecting the coaching approach and how this approach affects the start-up scalability and growth in order to help the survival and economic growth of these types of businesses.The current study is an applied research in terms of the purpose which is conducted with a quantitative method (using a researcher-made questionnaire).The number of 107 startups active at the last 3 years (2021 to 2023) in Tehran was used in this study and the Partial least squares method using smart PLS3 software were utilized for data analysis.Based on the findings,the coaching approach can help the start-ups scalability and survival. Finally, as the results show,the key and effective factors in the coaching approach (facilitation, questioning and effective communication),due to their direct impact on the human resources factor (team mindset, business model and team leadership), have a significant effect on the start-ups scalability. Coaching Scalability Startups https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237085_6104091b4834e161b24b6d31db04ba78.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 The effect of internship courses on the performance of student teachers The effect of internship courses on the performance of student teachers 237092 10.48301/kssa.2025.497297.3104 FA Saeideh Alsadat Hosseini PhD student, Department of Educational Governance and Human Resources, Ne.C., Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran, 0009-0006-8783-9336 Ali Maghool Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Governance and Human Resources, Ne.C., Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran 0000-0002-3960-0404 Moslem Cherabin Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Governance and Human Resources, Ne.C., Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran 0000-0003-3657-4826 Mohamad Karimi Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Governance and Human Resources, Ne.C., Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran Journal Article 2025 01 01 The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and determining the factors affecting the performance of student teachers through internship courses. In terms of research approach, qualitative method has been used. This research used the meta synthesis method based on Sandelowski's steps. The statistical population of the research, all the written documents related to organizational spirituality, including 30 articles and works, were selected and analyzed based on valid criteria among 70 articles and works. By applying the seven stages of meta synthesis method, a conceptual model was obtained in six conceptual layers, categories and codes. Concepts and topics were included in each of the layers, and finally 28 components were identified. For qualitative validation, Shannon's entropy method and CASP criteria were used, and finally the research results led to the identification of dimensions in six basic dimensions, which are specifically the main dimensions that affect the performance of student teachers by including "content", "structure", "individual" ", "management", "operational" and "strategic" were presented. The conceptual model obtained from Sandelowski's stages of meta synthesis method can be used as a basis for future research in the direction of guiding student teachers for their functional development. The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and determining the factors affecting the performance of student teachers through internship courses. In terms of research approach, qualitative method has been used. This research used the meta synthesis method based on Sandelowski's steps. The statistical population of the research, all the written documents related to organizational spirituality, including 30 articles and works, were selected and analyzed based on valid criteria among 70 articles and works. By applying the seven stages of meta synthesis method, a conceptual model was obtained in six conceptual layers, categories and codes. Concepts and topics were included in each of the layers, and finally 28 components were identified. For qualitative validation, Shannon's entropy method and CASP criteria were used, and finally the research results led to the identification of dimensions in six basic dimensions, which are specifically the main dimensions that affect the performance of student teachers by including "content", "structure", "individual" ", "management", "operational" and "strategic" were presented. The conceptual model obtained from Sandelowski's stages of meta synthesis method can be used as a basis for future research in the direction of guiding student teachers for their functional development. performance Student Teacher internship Requirements Processes https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_237092_3be94ed465ba6b97bf89d88057a09957.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Studying methods of using donors' capacity in developing sports infrastructure in Kermanshah province Studying methods of using donors' capacity in developing sports infrastructure in Kermanshah province 242822 10.48301/kssa.2026.565152.3391 FA Shirin Zardoshtian Associate Professor Department of Physical Education , Faculty of Humanities and Arts , Razi University , Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0001-9494-3904 Payman Rafati PhD student, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 0009-0004-5540-3808 Mehran Keyhanzadeh PhD student, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 0009-0009-6954-0850 Journal Article 2025 12 29 Due to the damage caused by the imposed war and budget constraints resulting from sanctions, Kermanshah Province faces a severe lack of sports infrastructure, which has hindered the development of the sports talents of the province's youth.This research seeks to identify effective factors, obstacles, and strategies for attracting the participation of donors and the private sector to develop sports infrastructure and improve the quality of life and public health of the province's people.The method of this research was mixed. The statistical sample of the qualitative part included donors, officials and managers of infrastructure projects, experts and consultants, and representatives of non-profit and charitable organizations.The samples were identified theoretically using a judgmental method. This sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached, and finally 12 people were identified as samples in the qualitative section.In the qualitative part of this research, the grounded theory method with the Glaser approach was used. The statistical population in the qualitative part included people who directly or indirectly participate in the development of the province's infrastructure through charitable donations.The researcher reviewed the theoretical foundations of the research, including the use of academic books, numerous scientific articles, and semi-structured interviews with professors and managers active in the field of sports. He prepared a list of the most important related variables, and after extracting 21 categories, the final ones were selected. Due to the damage caused by the imposed war and budget constraints resulting from sanctions, Kermanshah Province faces a severe lack of sports infrastructure, which has hindered the development of the sports talents of the province's youth.This research seeks to identify effective factors, obstacles, and strategies for attracting the participation of donors and the private sector to develop sports infrastructure and improve the quality of life and public health of the province's people.The method of this research was mixed. The statistical sample of the qualitative part included donors, officials and managers of infrastructure projects, experts and consultants, and representatives of non-profit and charitable organizations.The samples were identified theoretically using a judgmental method. This sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached, and finally 12 people were identified as samples in the qualitative section.In the qualitative part of this research, the grounded theory method with the Glaser approach was used. The statistical population in the qualitative part included people who directly or indirectly participate in the development of the province's infrastructure through charitable donations.The researcher reviewed the theoretical foundations of the research, including the use of academic books, numerous scientific articles, and semi-structured interviews with professors and managers active in the field of sports. He prepared a list of the most important related variables, and after extracting 21 categories, the final ones were selected. Sports Development Kermanshah province Public Participation attracting donors https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_242822_ed5abadf6791dd8993df92866baa6072.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Improving the organizational performance of teachers in the light of virtuous leadership with the mediating role of spirituality in work Improving the organizational performance of teachers in the light of virtuous leadership with the mediating role of spirituality in work 251320 10.48301/kssa.2024.450901.2931 FA Atefeh Badri M.A in Educational Management, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Seyed Jamal Barkhoda Associate Professor, , Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran 0000-0002-0695-7255 Abdollah Rahimi Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran 0000-0001-8347-8920 Journal Article 2024 06 24 Objective: The current study aims to investigate the improvement of teachers' organizational performance in the light of virtuous leadership with the mediating role of spirituality at work. The research approach is quantitative and descriptive-correlational.<br><br>Methodology: The statistical population of the study included teachers in Kermanshah in the academic year 2022-2023. A sample size of 312 individuals was selected using stratified random sampling. The research instruments included the Wang and Hecht Virtuous Leadership Questionnaire, the Kingerski and Scrippneck Spirituality at Work Questionnaire, and the Hersey and Goldsmith Organizational Performance Questionnaire. The face and content validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by university professors. To analyze the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson correlation, and path analysis were used with SPSS and PLS software.<br><br>Findings: The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between the virtuous leadership style of managers and spirituality at work. Moreover, the mediating variable of spirituality at work has a significant effect on the relationship between virtuous leadership style and teachers' organizational performance. It can be said that virtuous leadership does not have a direct and significant effect on teachers' organizational performance in the final research model. However, virtuous leadership, through spirituality at work, affects teachers' organizational performance.<br><br>Results: Awareness of the results of this study enables managers and teachers to improve performance in schools by paying attention to spirituality in the workplace. Objective: The current study aims to investigate the improvement of teachers' organizational performance in the light of virtuous leadership with the mediating role of spirituality at work. The research approach is quantitative and descriptive-correlational.<br><br>Methodology: The statistical population of the study included teachers in Kermanshah in the academic year 2022-2023. A sample size of 312 individuals was selected using stratified random sampling. The research instruments included the Wang and Hecht Virtuous Leadership Questionnaire, the Kingerski and Scrippneck Spirituality at Work Questionnaire, and the Hersey and Goldsmith Organizational Performance Questionnaire. The face and content validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by university professors. To analyze the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson correlation, and path analysis were used with SPSS and PLS software.<br><br>Findings: The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between the virtuous leadership style of managers and spirituality at work. Moreover, the mediating variable of spirituality at work has a significant effect on the relationship between virtuous leadership style and teachers' organizational performance. It can be said that virtuous leadership does not have a direct and significant effect on teachers' organizational performance in the final research model. However, virtuous leadership, through spirituality at work, affects teachers' organizational performance.<br><br>Results: Awareness of the results of this study enables managers and teachers to improve performance in schools by paying attention to spirituality in the workplace. Performance improvement Spirituality at work Teachers Virtue-oriented leadership https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_251320_005037206e3c979e0c64652d6a30017c.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Designing a business model in informal settlements with the approach of reducing economic poverty: a case study of Kurdistan province Designing a business model in informal settlements with the approach of reducing economic poverty: a case study of Kurdistan province 251342 10.48301/kssa.2025.475314.2977 FA Seyed Jamil Ahmadi PhD student, Department of Higher Education Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8069-1870 Reza Mohamadkazemi Professor, Department of Business, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-5442-7857 Salahedin Qasimi Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, Sa.C., Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran. Journal Article 2024 12 14 Informal settlements are one of the main undesirable consequences of cities, which brings informal life in the physical dimension for cities. The purpose of this research is to design a business model in informal settlements with the approach of reducing economic poverty in Kurdistan.The research method from the aspect of practical purpose, in terms of library-field data collection, in terms of the time period of cross-sectional data collection in terms of the research method in the field of mixed exploratory research (quantitative-qualitative) and the statistical population of all professors, There are experts and specialists and people who have experience and activity in the sector of informal settlements who participated in two qualitative sections until reaching theoretical saturation, the number of 16 people.And in the quantitative part, using GPower software, 231 people were selected as a statistical sample, and a researcher-made questionnaire with validity and reliability was distributed among them, and the data results were analyzed in two parts, descriptive and inferential. The findings indicate that the development of business in informal settlements requires the development of women's home businesses, the development of businesses by facilitating the issuance of licenses, training people, skill empowerment, trust in social capital and the participation of benefactors and people and capital. Establishing and allocating a suitable budget is one of the business development strategies in informal settlements. Informal settlements are one of the main undesirable consequences of cities, which brings informal life in the physical dimension for cities. The purpose of this research is to design a business model in informal settlements with the approach of reducing economic poverty in Kurdistan.The research method from the aspect of practical purpose, in terms of library-field data collection, in terms of the time period of cross-sectional data collection in terms of the research method in the field of mixed exploratory research (quantitative-qualitative) and the statistical population of all professors, There are experts and specialists and people who have experience and activity in the sector of informal settlements who participated in two qualitative sections until reaching theoretical saturation, the number of 16 people.And in the quantitative part, using GPower software, 231 people were selected as a statistical sample, and a researcher-made questionnaire with validity and reliability was distributed among them, and the data results were analyzed in two parts, descriptive and inferential. The findings indicate that the development of business in informal settlements requires the development of women's home businesses, the development of businesses by facilitating the issuance of licenses, training people, skill empowerment, trust in social capital and the participation of benefactors and people and capital. Establishing and allocating a suitable budget is one of the business development strategies in informal settlements. Informal Settlement Business Economic Poverty Economic Development Marginalization https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_251342_c901104e16efbe597110a194cf7dce74.pdf
National University of Skill Karafan Journal 2382-9796 23 2 2026 06 22 Designing a Competency Model for Corporate Entrepreneurship at the Supreme Audit Court of Iran Designing a Competency Model for Corporate Entrepreneurship at the Supreme Audit Court of Iran 236999 10.48301/kssa.2025.547634.3312 FA Mohammadreza Sharahi Department of Entrepreneurship, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran. Behrad Shahrabi Department of Entrepreneurship, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran. 0000-0002-5531-3106 Hadi Sanaeepour Department of Management, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran. 0000-0002-5360-2879 Journal Article 2025 10 05 This research was conducted with the objective of designing a model of organizational entrepreneurship competencies for the Supreme Audit Court of Iran (SAC), as a governmental and supervisory institution. In light of rapid environmental transformations and the increasing expectations of society for more efficient services, public sector organizations are in need of nurturing an entrepreneurial and innovative spirit. However, the specific nature of the Supreme Audit Court, which is grounded in precision, adherence to law, and the avoidance of unnecessary risks, has rendered the development of such an approach a complex undertaking. This study was carried out using an exploratory mixed-methods approach, employing both qualitative and quantitative analyses. In the qualitative phase, in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 experts (including university professors, senior and middle managers of the Court, and experienced specialists). The qualitative data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method, which led to the identification of 82 core codes categorized into eight main competency groups. In the quantitative phase, utilizing the Fuzzy Delphi method and the distribution of questionnaires, the indicators and competencies were evaluated and finalized by the experts. Data analysis resulted in the design of a comprehensive model of organizational entrepreneurship competencies across eight principal dimensions. These dimensions were determined as follows: cognitive and strategic competencies; behavioral and personality competencies; ethical, value-based, and governance competencies; leadership and managerial competencies; interactional and networking competencies; opportunity identification and innovation competencies, technological and data-driven competencies; and technical-specialized competencies. This research was conducted with the objective of designing a model of organizational entrepreneurship competencies for the Supreme Audit Court of Iran (SAC), as a governmental and supervisory institution. In light of rapid environmental transformations and the increasing expectations of society for more efficient services, public sector organizations are in need of nurturing an entrepreneurial and innovative spirit. However, the specific nature of the Supreme Audit Court, which is grounded in precision, adherence to law, and the avoidance of unnecessary risks, has rendered the development of such an approach a complex undertaking. This study was carried out using an exploratory mixed-methods approach, employing both qualitative and quantitative analyses. In the qualitative phase, in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 experts (including university professors, senior and middle managers of the Court, and experienced specialists). The qualitative data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method, which led to the identification of 82 core codes categorized into eight main competency groups. In the quantitative phase, utilizing the Fuzzy Delphi method and the distribution of questionnaires, the indicators and competencies were evaluated and finalized by the experts. Data analysis resulted in the design of a comprehensive model of organizational entrepreneurship competencies across eight principal dimensions. These dimensions were determined as follows: cognitive and strategic competencies; behavioral and personality competencies; ethical, value-based, and governance competencies; leadership and managerial competencies; interactional and networking competencies; opportunity identification and innovation competencies, technological and data-driven competencies; and technical-specialized competencies. Corporate Entrepreneurship Competency Model Supreme Audit Court of Iran governance institutions Human Resource Management https://karafan.tvu.ac.ir/article_236999_b2129a0cec807596f314675df33b20c2.pdf